PMLS 2 LEC - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

epicardium

thin outer layer of the heart that is attached to the pericardium

myocardium

thick layer of cardiac muscles in the middle layer of the heart

endocardium

thin layer of epithelial cells in the inner layer of the heart

right atrium

the right upper chamber of the heart that receives de-oxygenated blood

right ventricle

the right lower chamber of the heart that receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery

left atrium

the left upper chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood

left ventricle

the lower left chamber that receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta

tricuspid valve

closes as the right ventricle contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the right atrium

bicuspid valve

closes as the left ventricle contracts preventing blood from flowing back from the left atrium

right semilunar valve

closes when the right ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the right ventricle

left semilunar valve

closes when the left ventricle relaxes preventing blood from flowing back to the left ventricle

interatrial septum

partition that separates the right from the left atria

interventricular septum

septum that separates the right and the left ventricle

systole

contraction of the heart

diastole

relaxation of the heart

cardiac cycle

systole and diastole which lasts about 0.8 seconds

electrical conduction system

sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium which is initiated by the Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)

electrocardiogram

provides the graphical representation of the cardiac cycle’s activity

lubb

the first sound as the ventricles contract and the AV valves close

dubb

the second sound as the ventricles relax and the pulmonary valves close

72 bpm

the average heart rate

cardiac output

the volume of blood pumped per minute

pulse

the rhythmic throbbing resulting from the alternating expansion and contraction of the artery

blood pressure

the force which was exerted by the blood on the walls of the vessel

angina pectoris

chest pain that results from reduced blood flow to the heart

aortic stenosis

the murmuring sound produced when aortic leaflets fail to fully open during systole

bacterial endocarditis

an infection that happens when bacteria resides in the lining of blood vessels

congestive heart failure

a chronic progressive condition that affects the pumping power of the heart muscles and is usually present at birth

myocardial infraction

also known as heart attack which is caused by a stoppage of blood flow

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium

myoglobin

marker for heart attack

vascular system

is the loop consisting of a network of blood vessels through which blood is circulated to the rest of the body

pulmonary circulation

circulation where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released after which, oxygenated blood flows back to the left atrium

systemic circulation

circulation where moves the oxygenated blood and nutrients from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

Arteries

Thick-walled vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body

arterioles

Small-diameter blood vessels that branch out from the arteries and lead to the capillaries

veins

Tubes with thin walls that carry deoxygenated blood from tissues to the heart

venules

Very small veins that branch out from the veins and lead to capillaries

capillaries

Fine hair-like blood vessels that connect arterioles and veins

capillary blood

Capillary blood is a mixture of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood

tunica adventitia

outer layer of the blood vessel made of connective tissue and fats

tunica media

middle layer of the blood vessel made up of smooth muscle and elastic fiber

tunica intima

the innermost layer of the blood vessel made up of endothelial cells

lumen

space inside the blood vessel where blood flows

erythrocytes

carry oxygen (through hemoglobin) and CO2 and are produced in the bone marrow

leukocytes

formed in the marrow and the lymphatic tissue that defends the body against infection

thrombocytes

pieces of very large cells in the bone marrow that help form blood clots

Rh blood group

indicates the presence or absence of D antigen; will say if a blood type is positive or negative

ABO blood group

indicates the presence of A and/or B antigens

A antigen

antigen in blood type A

B antigen

antigen in blood type B

A and B antigen

antigen in blood type AB

no antigens

antigen in blood type O

anti-b

antibody in blood type A

anti-a

antibody in blood type B

no antibodies

antibody in blood type AB

anti-a and anti-b

antibody in blood type O

Cross-matching

is important to determine the compatibility of the donor’s blood with the recipient’s blood

serum

liquid portion of coagulated blood; does not have fibrinogen

plasma

liquid portion of anticoagulated blood; has fibrinogen

anemia

blood disorder where the there is not enough oxygen in the tissues which is caused by the decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood

leukemia

cancer of the blood

leukocytosis

increased number of WBCs

leukopenia

reduced number of WBCs

polycythemia

blood condition where the marrow produces too many RBCs

thrombocytosis

the body produces too many platelets

thrombocytopenia

low platelet count

bone marrow examination

is used for suspected leukemia

differential count

a diagnostic test used to count blood WBCs

ferritin

is tested to detect iron related disorders

lymph

excess tissue fluid that filters through the lymphatic capillaries

lymphangitis

inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an infection at a site distal to the channel

lymphadenitis

Refer to the inflammation of the lymph nodes

lymphadenopathy

Also called adenopathy, a disease in which there is abnormality in the size or number of lymph nodes

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen

hodgkin’s disease

cancer that affects the immune system and is characterized by enlarged lymph nodes

lymphosarcoma

cancer that develops from lymphocytes

lymphoma

cancer of the lymphatic system

hemostasis

the stoppage of bleeding as a response to an injury

vasoconstriction

the vessel walls are constricted after an injury, which results in reduced flow of blood in the site of injury

platelet plug

platelets stick together on the site of the injury forming a plug

fibrinolysis

dissolution of dissolving of unwanted blood (clot)

fibrin clot

end result of the coagulation factor

Deep venous thrombosis

Happens when blood clot forms in one or more deep veins, usually in the legs

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Occurs when the formation of small clots blocks the small blood vessels

Hemophilia

Usually missing the clotting factors VIII, which results into internal bleeding or prolonged external bleeding

median cubital vein

preferred venipuncture site

clotting

is the process in which the blood changes from a liquid state into a gel that forms the blood clot

enzyme precursors

proteins that turn into enzymes when activated

cofactors

proteins that accelerate enzymatic reactions

subtrates

proteins which are the substances that are acted on and changed by the enzymes

extrinsic pathway

pathway which is activated by external trauma

intrinsic pathway

pathway which is activated by trauma inside the bloodstream

thrombin

is an enzyme that plays an important role in coagulation

aneurysm

enlargement of the artery due to the weakening of the artery wall

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the artery wall due to aging

atherosclerosis

formulation of plaques in the inner walls of the veins and arteries

embolism

clot or bubble that causes obstruction of an artery

embolus

obstruction that is carried and lodged in the vessel

hemorrhoids

swollen veins in the area of the anus