Unit 4 Health

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Secondary Sex Characteristics

- Testosterone- Broader shoulders, facial, underarm, and pubic hair to grow, voice deepens, muscles develop, and bones become longer/larger
- Estrogen and Progesterone - Cause breast development, growth of underarm and pubic hair, and widened hips
- Both males and females also have increased activity of the oil and swear glands (acne and body odor)
- Females go through earlier than males

Puberty

Period of growth from physical childhood to physical adulthood

Hormones

Chemical substances that regulate the activities of different body coles and organs
Hormones control the changes that occur during puberty

Abstinence!!!

It is 100% effective in preventing pregnancies, preventing STI's
Most teens choose abstinence → over 60%

Menstrual Cycle

Menstruation: the process of shedding the uterine lining (endometrium) and 3-10 tablespoons of blood
10-15 years old
7-10 days later, ovulation occurs -Prime Fertilization

Dysmenorrhea

severe menstrual cramps that limit daily activity

Amenorrhea

-lack of menstruation by age 16 or fully stopping
-It can be a result of defective organs, diabetes, tumors, infections, anorexia, over-exercising

Endometriosis

scaring of the tissue

Fertilization

Sperm ejaculated into the vagina
Goes through the cervix
Into the fallopian tubes to find an egg
Fertilized egg goes to the endometrium (lining of the uterus)

Ectopic pregnancy

the egg implants itself in the fallopian tube, the baby will not survive, the mother's life is in danger, the only way to get rid of it is a DNC (abortion), can force the mother to have a hysterectomy

Barrier methods

prevent egg and sperm from uniting (female and male condoms)

Condom

A sheath that covers an erect penis and collects semen upon ejaculation
Perfect use: 98% effective
Typical use: 87% effective (especially for teenagers)
The only form of contraception that will give u any protection against STIs

Internal (female) condom

Has to be inserted
Benefits:
- Protects against most STIs
- Protects against pregnancy
- Can be inserted up to 8 hours before sex
Disadvantages:
- Higher failure rate
- Perfect use: 95% effective
- Typical use: 79% effective
- More expensive than "regular" condoms
- Difficulty inserting

Diaphragram

Must use spermicide with
If used even a tiny bit incorrectly, the sperm can just swim around it
84%-94% effective
Must be left in place for 6 hours
Must get fitted by an OBGYN
Don't recommend for people who've had kids

Cervical cap

71%-84% effective in preventing pregnancy
Must be used with spermicide
No protection from STIs or HIV
Must get fitted by an OBGYN
Can't just leave it in
must be left in for 6 hours after sex

Cervical sponge

Spongey thingy
Causes a barrier
Contains spermicide
Protects for 24 hours, must be left in for 6 hours
No STI Protection
84%-89% effective rate

Spermicide

A chemical that kills sperm on contact
Available without a prescription in many forms
Foam, jelly, tablet, cream, film, suppository
Failure rate: 20-30% when used by itself (WAY TOO MUCH!!)
It is more effective when used with other barrier methods
STI protection: NONE
Possible side effects
Irritation to the yck area
Already built into condoms???
An allergic reaction may occur
UTI may be possible
High risk of STIs

Hormonal/behavioral methods

alter a woman's reproductive cycle

prescription pill

One a day at the same time every single day
99% effective
No STI protection
Prevents ovulation
May help with menstrual cramping

Opill

New over-the-counter pill
No prescription needed
Could be safer than birth control pills
Causing more nausea, spotting
98% effectiveness
Progestin-only pill (man-made hormone)
No yucky side effects

The Ring (Nuvaring)

Inserted and left in place for 3 weeks
Take out during the period
Does not prevent STIs or HIV
Perfect use: 97% to over 99% effective
Typical use: 93% effective
Get from a doctor

The Implant → Norplant

Size of a matchstick
Dissolves?
Placed under the skin on the inner side of the arm
99 percent effective
Can be effective for up to 3 years
No protection from STIs or HIV

IUD (Intrauterine Devices)

Placed at the top of the uterus
Must be inserted by a doctor
Effective for 5-12 years
99% effective in preventing pregnancy
It can tear/ripping of vaginal lining or uterus??
Good longterm option
No STI protection

Depo Provera

Hormone injection
Every 3 months
$35.00-$75.00 per shot
97%-97% effective
No protection from STIs or HIV

Other methods

rhythm method, sterilization, emergency contraception

Over the counter

Internal condom, Condom, Sponge, Spermicide

Withdrawal method

Penis is removed before ejaculation
Not safe...
No STI protection
It's like you're not using anything at all
Doesn't actually work because there's always fluid there

Fertility-based methods

Cannot have intercourse during the fertile time of the month -using a fertility calendar/app
More used for people trying to get pregnant
Sperm can live in a woman's body around 5 days
Taking body temperature every single day
Body temperature increases SLIGHTLY every time you're ovulating
Not recommended for teenagers because the menstrual cycle isn't regular yet

Permanent Solutions

vasectomy, tubal ligation, hysterectomy

Vasectomy

Cauterization
Vas deferens
Burn it closed

Tubal Ligation

Cauterize the fallopian tubes
The egg can't be pulled from the ovaries

Hysterectomy

- Go to the hospital, stay in the hospital. MAJOR surgery
- 6-month recovery
- Immediate menopause
- Removing fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus
- 100% effective, NON reversible
- Uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, severe bleeding (or if something goes wrong during delivery of a baby)

Emergency!

Birth control you can use to prevent pregnancy up to three days after unprotected sex

Morning-after pill $30- Plan B, Next Choice

Available - drugstores without prescription
Not an abortion pill
No ovulation, thicker mucus in the cervix - thins the endometrium
Often creates Nausea
Heavier period
Not protected vs. STI's
At the hospital → higher dose of the same pills (case of assault)
Don't use it as the main form of contraception
Only purchase after the age of 17

STI's

The hidden epidemic
Many cases go untreated or undiagnosed because they don't know they're infected
Some people may not have any symptoms while others may (a-symptomatic)
Change of name from STD to STI
Disease sounds worse than infections
65 million people in the US are living with an incurable STI
15 million new cases each year, ¼ of these are teens

High-Risk Behaviors

- Sexually active with more than 1 person (in a lifetime)
- Engaging in unprotected sex
- Selecting high-risk partners
- Using alcohol and other drugs
- "Having sex with every other person they've previously had sex with" → in terms of STIs

Consequences of STI's

Some STIs are incurable
Pathogens cannot be eliminated from the body
Some remain in the body for life

STI's that cause cancer

Hepatitis B can cause cancer of the liver
HPV can cause cancer of the cervix

STI Information

The US has the highest rate of STIs in the industrialized world
Culture says its okay but then we don't talk about it
CDC reports that STIs make up more than 85% of the most common infectious diseases

Viral STI's

Molluscum Contagiosum, HPV, Genital Warts, HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B

Bacterial

Bacterial Vaginosis, Chlamydia, Chancroid, Gonorrhea, Mycoplasma Genatelium

parasitic

Pubic Lice & Trichomoniasis

Molluscum Contagiosum

skin infection that can spread by skin-skin contact. Painless but itchy.

What is Pubic Lice?

A parasite found in pubic or genital areas.

What are the symptoms of Pubic Lice?

Symptoms include itching (usually worse at night), small red or blue spots on the skin (lice bites), and white/yellow dots attached to the hair (lice eggs).

How is Pubic Lice treated?

Treatment involves over-the-counter or prescription medications.

What is HPV?

The most common STI in the US

What are the symptoms of HPV?

Genital, Common, Planter, and Flat Warts; can be asymptomatic

What are the potential complications of untreated HPV?

Can cause cancers (cervical, oropharyngeal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal) or warts

Genital Warts

Cause bumps around the genital area,
It can become larger over time and make it painful to urinate
Cervical cancers if left untreated
Pregnancy troubles: warts will increase in size, difficult urinating, and hinder the stretching of vaginal tissues, warts can break open and then bleed during childbirth
Children born to mothers with genital warts may develop warts in the throat
Incredibly contagious
Relatively easy to get rid of

Bacterial Vaginosis

Symptoms: Vaginal itching, Burning sensation when urinating, Foul-smelling vaginal odor, and Thin vaginal discharge
Higher chance of getting STIs, Can go away on it's own, not considered an STI, pH imbalance

What is Chlamydia?

The most common STI for teenagers caused by unprotected sex.

What are the symptoms of Chlamydia?

Pain while urinating or during sex, lower belly pain, abnormal discharge, bleeding between periods, pain, discharge, or bleeding around the anus, swollen or tender testicles, pus/watery discharge from the penis.

What are the potential complications of Chlamydia?

It can lead to PID, permanent damage to the female reproductive system, and it is possible to get infected more than once.

What is Trichomoniasis?

The most common curable STI caused by a parasite.

What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis in females?

Itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals, burning while urinating, and a clear, white, yellowish, or greenish vaginal discharge with a fishy smell.

Is Trichomoniasis usually symptomatic in males?

No, it is usually asymptomatic in males.

What type of infection is syphilis?

Bacterial

What are the initial symptoms of syphilis?

Painless sores on the genitals, rectum, or mouth

How is syphilis treated?

With antibiotics

What are the stages of syphilis if left untreated?

3-90 days: painless sore, 4-10 weeks: body rash, 3-15 years: internal organs affected

What is Chancroid?

A highly contagious and easily curable sexually transmitted infection.

How is Chancroid transmitted?

Through skin-to-skin contact with open sores.

What are the symptoms of Chancroid?

Raised and painful bumps on the skin of genitals, ulcers, reddened and shiny skin on sores, leakage of pus and infectious fluid.

What is HIV/AIDS?

Virus that attacks the immune system

What are the symptoms of HIV?

Flu-like symptoms within 2-4 weeks, Some people will have no symptoms

What happens if HIV is left untreated?

Can take 10-12 years for symptoms to appear for HIV. AIDS is fatal if left untreated

What is the impact of AIDS on the body?

It weakens the immune system, which can lead to death

How is HIV/AIDS diagnosed?

Through a test

What is the accuracy of HIV/AIDS tests?

99.9%

What are the stages of HIV infection?

Stage one (acute), stage two (chronic), stage three (AIDS)

What are the characteristics of stage one of HIV infection?

Large amount of HIV in blood, very contagious, flu-like symptoms

What are the characteristics of stage two of HIV infection?

HIV continues to reproduce at lower levels, may not have symptoms but can still transmit it

What are the characteristics of stage three (AIDS) of HIV infection?

High viral load, easily transmitted, badly damaged immune system, untreated leads to death within 3 years

What are the types of HIV/AIDS tests?

Antibody test, rapid test, antigen/antibody test, nucleic acid test (NAT)

What does an antibody test for HIV/AIDS look for?

HIV antibodies in blood or oral fluid

What is unique about the rapid HIV/AIDS test?

It is the only self-test approved by the FDA

How is a nucleic acid test (NAT) for HIV/AIDS conducted?

Drawing blood from a vein

What is the advantage of a nucleic acid test (NAT) for HIV/AIDS?

Detects HIV sooner than other tests, especially good for recent exposure and early symptoms

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

Yellow or green pus-like discharge, painful urination, bleeding between menstruation, pain and swelling of testicles, itching, anal bleeding

How is gonorrhea diagnosed?

Peeing in a cup, swab for cells, test discharge/pus

What are the treatments for gonorrhea?

Antibiotics, can be cured in around 2 weeks, partner should be treated as well

What are the health complications of untreated gonorrhea?

Infertility in women and men, increased risk of HIV/AIDS, infection spreading to joints, organs, skin, ectopic pregnancy, maternal death

What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) caused by?

STIs such as gonorrhea and chlamydia

What are the organs affected by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Uterus, vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes

What are common symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Pain, unusual vaginal discharge, bleeding, pain during sex, fever, painful urination

What are some health complications associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic lower belly pain

How is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) diagnosed?

Through questions with a doctor, pelvic exam, and blood samples

What are the treatments for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Antibiotics, hospital treatment, surgery in some cases

How can one reduce the risk of getting pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) again?

By practicing abstinence, using condoms

What is Mycoplasma Genitalium?

Bacterial organism contracted mainly through sex

What conditions is Mycoplasma Genitalium associated with?

Cervicitis, Endometriosis, HIV, PID, and Infertility

What are the symptoms of Mycoplasma Genitalium in men?

White discharge from penis, burning or itching, pain in testicles

What are the symptoms of Mycoplasma Genitalium in women?

Unusual vaginal discharge, stomach/pelvic pain, pain during sex, bleeding after sex, painful bleeding between periods

What are the common symptoms of Mycoplasma Genitalium in both men and women?

Pain when peeing, discomfort or discharge from the butt (if anal sex has occurred)

How is Mycoplasma Genitalium diagnosed?

PCR, Vagina swab, Cervix swab, Anus swab, Urine test

What are the treatments for Mycoplasma Genitalium?

Antibiotics

What are the two types of herpes?

Oral Herpes (Type 1) and Genital Herpes (type 2)

How is oral herpes primarily spread?

Through saliva and skin-to-skin contact

What can genital herpes be spread through?

Skin-to-skin contact and sex of all types