principle enzyme involved in DNA replication; fixes DNA errors
DNA polymerase
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determined that traits/genes were passed from generation to generation
Gregor Mendel
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discovered transformation in bacteria when heat killed S bacteria (Toxic) was combined with live R bacteria (Harmless)
Fredrick Griffith
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determined that genes are composed of DNA and not proteins; also found out that DNA strands are wrapped around proteins
Oswald Avery
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discovered that A=T and G=C (DNA only); discovered that DNA has the same amount of Thymine and Adenine, and Guanine and Cytosine are equal
Erwin Chargaff
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originally discovered the double helix in DNA by X-ray experiments
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
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Developed the physical double helix model of DNA.
Watson and Crick
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phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogen containing base
What is the structure of nucleotides?
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DNA is a nucleic acid
What kind of organic compound is DNA?
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Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
What are the 4 nitrogen bases found in DNA?
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Adenine and Guanine
What 2 nitrogen bases are purines?
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Cytosine and Thymine
What 2 nitrogen bases are pyrimidines?
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store and transmit hereditary information
What is the function of DNA?
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the nitrogen base
Where do the nucleotides connect to each other?
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DNA
what controls physical appearance?
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single-stranded nucleic acid that is made up of monomers and assists DNA in storing and transmitting hereditary information
What is RNA?
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Nucleotides - phosphate, ribose/sugar, and nitrogen base
what are the monomers of RNA?
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Adenine+Uracil, Cytosine+Guanine
What are the base pairing rules for RNA?
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DNA is Double stranded, and has T instead of U
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
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U(uracil)
what is T replaced with in RNA?
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protein synthesis and carries DNA message code
what is the function of RNA?
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deoxyribose
What is the sugar in DNA called?
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ribose
What is sugar in RNA called?
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in the cytoplasm
Where in RNA located?
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RNA
What transcribes the template for the synthesis of proteins?
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DNA
What is the template for the synthesis of proteins?
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It replicates itself
What does the DNA do before the cell divides?
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asexual
Is cell reproduction sexual or aesexual?
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it corrects base pair errors and binds nucelotides
What does DNA polymerase do?
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undifferentiated cells without a specific function
Stem cells
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binary fission, regeneration, vegetative propogation, and budding
What are the types of asexual reproduction?
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Interphase
What stage is most of a cells life spent in?
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mitosis
What stage is when cells are reproduced?
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The cell grows, copies its DNA, and prepares for cell division.
What happens during interphase?
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They stay constant
What happens to the amount of chromosomes before and after cell division?
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the process of making a copy of DNA before mitosis
DNA Replication
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1.) Helicase Unzips DNA 2.) Both Sides of the DNA molecule are copied 3.) Ligase zips it back up
What are the steps of DNA replication?
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During the S phase of interphase
when does DNA replication occur?
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hydrogen bonds
What holds nitrogen base pairs together?
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What are histones?
A type of protein found in chromosomes. They bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, help control the activity of genes, and condenses DNA strands into tight coils
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Human body cells have 46 (2n or diploid) chromosomes
How many chromosomes do human body cells have?
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They are genetically identical.
How are daughter and parent cells related?
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surface area to volume ratio is off causing inefficient osmosis and diffusion. to replace dead or damaged cells. for growth and development in an embryo.
Why do cells divide?
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prokaryotes and bacteria
What uses binary fission?
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yeast
What uses budding to reproduce?
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plants
What uses Vegetative Propagation?
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starfish
What is an example of something that uses regeneration to reproduce?
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they are all types of asexual reproduction
What does binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation, and regeneration have in common?
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speed, replacement, desirable characteristics are kept
What are some advantages to mitosis (eukaryotes only)?
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final stage of cell cycle; cytoplasm divides.
What is cytokinesis?
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cleavage furrow pinches off separated nuclei
What happens to animal cells in cytokinesis?
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a cell plate is formed
What happens to plant cells in cytokinesis?
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Cancer.
What happens is something goes wrong in the cell cycle?
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helicase
What unzips DNA?
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DNA polymerase
What joins up new nucleotides to old nucleotides?
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ligase
What zips the DNA back up?
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Purine
what does primidine bind to?
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G1, Synthesis (S) G2, and Mitosis
what are the 4 general phases of the cell cycle
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
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first stage of mitosis; chromatids condense into chromosomes, nuclear envelope disappears
What is prophase?
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second phase of mitosis; chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
What is metaphase?
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sister chromatids separate because the spindle fibers shroten
what is anaphase?
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Nuclear membranes form, chromosomes uncoil, and the spindle fibers fall apart
What is telophase?
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G1, Synthesis (S), G2
what are the three phases of interphase?
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one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
What are chromatids?
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hydrogen bonds
What holds the nitrogen bases together?
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in the nucleus
where are proteins transcribed by RNA?
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resting phase
What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
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any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.
What is a somatic cell?
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cytosine, thymine, uracil (uracil only for RNA)
what are examples of pyrimidines?
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Adenine and Guanine
what are examples of purines?
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The process by which a stem cell changes to become specialised for its job
Studied by 3 people
