Studied by 3 peopleprinciple enzyme involved in DNA replication; fixes DNA errors
DNA polymerase
determined that traits/genes were passed from generation to generation
Gregor Mendel
discovered transformation in bacteria when heat killed S bacteria (Toxic) was combined with live R bacteria (Harmless)
Fredrick Griffith
determined that genes are composed of DNA and not proteins; also found out that DNA strands are wrapped around proteins
Oswald Avery
discovered that A=T and G=C (DNA only); discovered that DNA has the same amount of Thymine and Adenine, and Guanine and Cytosine are equal
Erwin Chargaff
originally discovered the double helix in DNA by X-ray experiments
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
Developed the physical double helix model of DNA.
Watson and Crick
phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogen containing base
What is the structure of nucleotides?
DNA is a nucleic acid
What kind of organic compound is DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
What are the 4 nitrogen bases found in DNA?
Adenine and Guanine
What 2 nitrogen bases are purines?
Cytosine and Thymine
What 2 nitrogen bases are pyrimidines?
store and transmit hereditary information
What is the function of DNA?
the nitrogen base
Where do the nucleotides connect to each other?
DNA
what controls physical appearance?
single-stranded nucleic acid that is made up of monomers and assists DNA in storing and transmitting hereditary information
What is RNA?
Nucleotides - phosphate, ribose/sugar, and nitrogen base
what are the monomers of RNA?
Adenine+Uracil, Cytosine+Guanine
What are the base pairing rules for RNA?
DNA is Double stranded, and has T instead of U
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
U(uracil)
what is T replaced with in RNA?
protein synthesis and carries DNA message code
what is the function of RNA?
deoxyribose
What is the sugar in DNA called?
ribose
What is sugar in RNA called?
in the cytoplasm
Where in RNA located?
RNA
What transcribes the template for the synthesis of proteins?
DNA
What is the template for the synthesis of proteins?
It replicates itself
What does the DNA do before the cell divides?
asexual
Is cell reproduction sexual or aesexual?
it corrects base pair errors and binds nucelotides
What does DNA polymerase do?
undifferentiated cells without a specific function
Stem cells
binary fission, regeneration, vegetative propogation, and budding
What are the types of asexual reproduction?
Interphase
What stage is most of a cells life spent in?
mitosis
What stage is when cells are reproduced?
The cell grows, copies its DNA, and prepares for cell division.
What happens during interphase?
They stay constant
What happens to the amount of chromosomes before and after cell division?
the process of making a copy of DNA before mitosis
DNA Replication
1.) Helicase Unzips DNA 2.) Both Sides of the DNA molecule are copied 3.) Ligase zips it back up
What are the steps of DNA replication?
During the S phase of interphase
when does DNA replication occur?
hydrogen bonds
What holds nitrogen base pairs together?
What are histones?
A type of protein found in chromosomes. They bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, help control the activity of genes, and condenses DNA strands into tight coils
Human body cells have 46 (2n or diploid) chromosomes
How many chromosomes do human body cells have?
They are genetically identical.
How are daughter and parent cells related?
surface area to volume ratio is off causing inefficient osmosis and diffusion. to replace dead or damaged cells. for growth and development in an embryo.
Why do cells divide?
prokaryotes and bacteria
What uses binary fission?
yeast
What uses budding to reproduce?
plants
What uses Vegetative Propagation?
starfish
What is an example of something that uses regeneration to reproduce?
they are all types of asexual reproduction
What does binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation, and regeneration have in common?
speed, replacement, desirable characteristics are kept
What are some advantages to mitosis (eukaryotes only)?
final stage of cell cycle; cytoplasm divides.
What is cytokinesis?
cleavage furrow pinches off separated nuclei
What happens to animal cells in cytokinesis?
a cell plate is formed
What happens to plant cells in cytokinesis?
Cancer.
What happens is something goes wrong in the cell cycle?
helicase
What unzips DNA?
DNA polymerase
What joins up new nucleotides to old nucleotides?
ligase
What zips the DNA back up?
Purine
what does primidine bind to?
G1, Synthesis (S) G2, and Mitosis
what are the 4 general phases of the cell cycle
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
first stage of mitosis; chromatids condense into chromosomes, nuclear envelope disappears
What is prophase?
second phase of mitosis; chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
What is metaphase?
sister chromatids separate because the spindle fibers shroten
what is anaphase?
Nuclear membranes form, chromosomes uncoil, and the spindle fibers fall apart
What is telophase?
G1, Synthesis (S), G2
what are the three phases of interphase?
one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
What are chromatids?
hydrogen bonds
What holds the nitrogen bases together?
in the nucleus
where are proteins transcribed by RNA?
resting phase
What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.
What is a somatic cell?
cytosine, thymine, uracil (uracil only for RNA)
what are examples of pyrimidines?
Adenine and Guanine
what are examples of purines?
The process by which a stem cell changes to become specialised for its job
What is differentiation?
Note 
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