Nutrition and Digestion

During the second trimester, what is the earliest range that a fetus born premature may be viable (may survive)?

21-24 weeks

Male iknfertility causes

• low sperm count

• low sperm motility

• erectile dysfunction

Female infertility causes

• lack of eggs or inability to ovulate

• irregular ovulation patterns

• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) — affects 8-13% of women

• blocked oviducts from scar tissue

• endometriosis — affect ~10% of women; endometrial tissue grows outside uterus

• inability of endometrium to support embryo

Reproductive technologies: Fertility medicines

• increases ovulation frequency and regularity

• progesterone supplements to support endometrium development

Reproductive technologies: Surgical options

• correct blockages to sperm and egg travel

• repair oviducts and epididymis

Feeding types in the animal kingdom

• herbivores

• carnivores

• omnivores

Three dietary needs:

• sufficient energy

• building materials

• vitamins and minerals

Why do we eat food?

Food provides the raw materials for growth and maintenance, and the fuel to make it happen

Essential nutrient classes

• fats

• proteins

• carbohydrates

• vitamins

• minerals

Fats: most energy-rich nutrient

• ~2x the energy compared to proteins and carbohydrates

• important for long-term energy storage

• excess calories converted to fat

Carbohydrate: primary fuel

• primary fuel for our bodies

• stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells

• breakdown releases glucose into bloodstream

Proteins: building materials

• Mainly converted into building materials

• Can provide energy through cellular respiration

• Source of building blocks for functional molecules and structures

9 essential amino acids must be obtained from diet:

• Methionine

• Valine

• Histidine

• Threonine

• Phenylalanine

• Leucine

• Isoleucine

• Tryptophan

• Lysine