APUSH American Pageant Ch. 31 Comprehensive Review by Jack_Dugoni3, edited by Ashton Wong

What did President Harding once cry in anguish in relation to the presidency?

"God! What a job!"

What was the term used to describe the cronies that surrounded Harding during his presidency?

The "Ohio Gang"

What did one Washington observer claim Harding was instead of a bad man?

a slob

Who were the three appointed officials were listed as the good members of Harding's cabinet?

What were their positions?

What were the officials known as in the party?

Hughes (Secretary of State), Mellon (Secretary of the Treasury), and Hoover (Secretary of Commerce)

"best minds"

Who was the famed feeder of the Belgians?

Hoover

What was Andrew Mellon's gift to the nation?

paintings

Who were the two appointed officials were listed as the bad members of Harding's cabinet?

What were their positions?

Fall (Secretary of the Interior) and Daugherty (Attorney General)

What did a nest-feathering crowd regard Harding as when they hoodwinked him?

"amiable boob"

What doctrine was Harding hoping to improve?

Laissez-Faire

How many justices did Harding appoint out of nine?

Who was Harding's fortunate choice for Supreme Court justice?

4

William Taft

Which landmark Supreme Court case overturned Muller v. Oregon (1908), which provided for special protection for women in the labor force?

Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)

What government institution would disappear causing progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business to evaporate?

War Industries Board

What act encouraged private consolidation of the railroads?

What government institution was pledged to guarantee the profitability of the railroads?

Esch-Cummins Transportation Act of 1920

Interstate Commerce Commission

What act authorized the Shipping Board to dispose of the wartime fleet of 1,500 vessels at bargain-basement prices?

Merchant Marine Act of 1920

What act prevented American shipping to thrive in competition with foreigners?

La Follette Seaman's Act of 1915

What were strikers who participated in the bloody strike in the steel industry branded as?

"reds"

What newly established government institution ordered a 12% wage cut and led to a 2 month strike?

What was it a successor to?

Who clamped one of the most sweeping injunctions on the strikers?

Railway Labor Board

Wartime Labor Boards

Attorney General Harry Daugherty

What government institution was established to provide rehabilitation for men who had served in World War I by operating hospitals?

Veterans Bureau

What was one famous pressure group formed by veterans of WWI to renew old hardships?

Where was it founded?

Who founded it?

What were the veterans previously known as?

What did they demand to make up for the wages they had "lost" while overseas?

The American Legion

Paris

Colonel Theodore Roosevelt Jr.

"doughboys"

"adjusted compensation"

What act gave every former WWI soldier a paid-up insurance policy due in 20 years?

How much did it add to the price of the war?

Who was president when this act was passed?

Adjusted Compensation Act (1924)

$3.5 billion

Coolidge

When did Congress officially declare that the war officially ended between Germany, Austria, and Hungary?

July 1921

What were Republican senators who opposed the League of nations known as?

"irreconcilables"

What was the name for the people sent to Geneva, Switzerland to attend League of Nations meetings without being directly involved and hang around like detectives?

"unofficial observers"

What notable program of the League of Nations did Harding refuse to support?

World's Health Program

What commodity was said to be "as necessary as blood" in the battles of tomorrow?

Who secured the American oil companies the right to share in the exploitation of the middle east's oil riches?

"black gold" (oil)

Secretary Hughes

At what conference did Secretary Hughes announce a plan for a 10-year "holiday" on battleship construction?

Which notable country was not invited to this conference?

The Washington "Disarmament" Conference

Bolshevik Russia

What was the prescribed ratio of the United States to Britain to Japan as far as battleships and such?

What did it sound like to the Japanese ambassador?

5:5:3

"Rolls-Royce, Rolls-Royce, Ford"

In which treaty was Hughes's ideas on ship ratios embodied and would give compensation to Japan due to them being on the lower end of the ship ratios?

Which treaty replaced the twenty-year-old Anglo-Japanese alliance and would preserve the status quo in the Pacific?

Which treaty nailed open the "Open Door" in China?

The Five-Power Treaty

The Four-Power Treaty

The Nine-Power Treaty

Which countries were part of the Four-Power Treaty?

Britain, Japan, France, and U.S.

What was the nickname for China in the 1920's?

"The Sick Man of the Far East"

What did Americans clamor for in the late 20's in relation to world conflict?

What agreement came largely as a result of this clamoring and would be an agreement to outlaw war?

What was it officially known as?

How many signatures would lead to the pact being formed?

How many nations ratified it?

the "outlawry of war"

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Pact of Paris

2 million

62

Who was Calvin Coolidge's secretary of state?

What prize would he win?

Frank Kellogg

Noble Peace Prize

What was the name of the 1922 tariff that raised the rates of the Underwood Tariff substantially?

What other tariff were the rates almost as high as?

How much could the President, along with the tariff commission, raise or lower rates by?

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

50%

How many upward changes in tariffs did Harding and Coolidge make in six years?

How many reductions did the White House order?

32

5

Who was the head of the Veterans Bureau who was caught, along with his accomplices, stealing $200 million?

How many years were they sentenced in a federal penitentiary?

Charles R. Forbes

2 years

What was the most shocking scandal of the Harding administration?

Which two places were involved in the scandal?

Who was the mastermind of it all?

Who did he induce to transfer naval oil reserves to the Interior Department?

What were the names of the oilmen who leased the oil reserves through bribery ("loan")?

Teapot Dome Scandal

Teapot Dome (Wyoming) and Elk Hills (California)

Secretary of Navy (Denby (not in chapter))

Secretary of Interior, Albert Fall

Sinclair ($300,000 bribe) and Doheny ($100,000 bribe)

What were two cynical sayings that emerged after Sinclair and Doheny were not convicted?

"You can't put a million dollars in jail" and "In America everyone is assumed guilty until proven rich"

What Cabinet member was forced to resign after a Senate investigation of illegal pardon and liquor permit sales?

Harry Daugherty

What caused Harding's death?

Where would he die?

pneumonia and thrombosis

San Francisco

What were three nicknames for Calvin Coolidge given in the chapter?

What was he allegedly weaned on?

Where was he from?

"Silent Cal", "Cautious Cal", and "Sphinx of the Potomac"

"a pickle"

Vermont

Following the Republican philosophy of business, what did Coolidge become?

What did he say about factories and factory workers?

"high priest of the great god Business"

"the man who builds a factory builds a temple" and "the man who works there worships there"

What held during the entirety of Coolidge's presidency?

"Coolidge luck"

What was the price of a bushel of wheat in 1920?

$3

What was the McCormick reaper of cultivation and sowing?

Where was this invention especially popular?

the gasoline-engine tractor

the "wheat belt"

What act led by the "farm bloc" exempted farmers' marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution?

What was the favorite proposal of the "farm bloc" that authorized the government to buy up crop surpluses and sell them abroad?

Capper-Volstead Act

McNary-Haugen Bill

What was the campaign chant of Republicans during the 1924 election?

Where did they meet for their nomination?

"Keep Cool and Keep Coolidge"

Cleveland

Who did the Democrats unenthusiastically nominate in 1924?

What was his occupation?

Where did democrats meet for the 1924 nomination?

John W. Davis

wealthy corporation lawyer

Madison Square Garden

Who ran as a liberal candidate of the new Progressive party?

How old were they?

What organization did he gain support from?

From what group did he enjoy most of his support from?

Where did he gain all his electoral votes from?

Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette

69.

American Federation of Labor

farmers

Wisconsin

What was the judicial arm of the League of Nations that the United States did not adhere to?

The World Court

From which Latin American country were American troops withdrawn after an 8-year stay?

In which two Latin American countries did American troops stay until the 30's?

Dominican Republic

Haiti and Nicaragua

What did angry Hispanic critics south of the Rio Grande assail because of American involvement in Latin America?

"yanqui imperialism"

According to the book, what was the key knot in the debt tangle of the United States?

$10 billion loan to allies immediately after the war

Where in Germany did France send troops to seeking to extort reparation payments?

How much did a loaf of bread cost in Germany by October 1923?

Ruhr Valley

480 million marks or $120 million

What question did Calvin Coolidge ask in response to the suggestions of debt cancellation?

"They hired the money, didn't they?"

Who was about to nominated as Coolidge's running mate in 1924?

What plan did they create that assisted Germany in their wartime reparation payments?

Charles Dawes

Dawes Plan

What was the only debtor country that didn't default after Hoover declared a one-year debt moratorium?

"honest little Finland"

How was Uncle Sam caricatured throughout Europe?

as "Uncle Shylock"

What did the Republican masses ask in support of Herbert Hoover during the presidential election of 1928?

What was his position before?

"Hoo but Hoover?"

super-Secretary of Commerce

Who was the four-time governor of New York who was nominated as the Democratic candidate in the 1928 election?

What were his nicknames?

What was his religion?

Alfred E. Smith

"Al(cohol)" Smith" and "the Happy Warrior"

Roman Catholic

How did Alfred E. Smith pronounce radio?

"radd-dee-o"

Where was Hoover from?

Where was he educated?

Iowa and Oregon

Stanford

What did Hoover decry?

What did he preach?

"socialism"

"rugged individualism"

What did close associates loyalty call Hoover?

"the Chief"

What government-owned radio was similar to the idea of a radio Hoover was flirting with?

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

What was Al Smith's theme song?

What did opponents of Smith campaign against him?

What were the three R's associated with Catholicism?

"The Sidewalks of New York" (he was a "city slicker")

"A Vote for Al Smith is A Vote for the Pope"

"Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"

Who was the only Republican presidential candidate before Hoover to carry a state that had seceded since 1876?

Which state?

Excluding said president, how long has it been since a republican carrying a seceded state?

How many of the formerly seceded states did Hoover carry?

Harding

Tennessee

52 years

5

What were the tens of thousands Democrats who voted for Hoover known as?

"Hoovercrats"

What were a standard feature of American politics before the advent of television?

"whistle-stop" campaigns

What two immense groups of citizens were not getting their share of the riches flowing from the national cornucopia in the late 1920s?

Unorganized wage earners and disorganized farmers

What act served as the Hoover administration's response to the outcry of struggling farmers allowing them to help themselves through producers' cooperatives?

What government institution was set up by this act and given half a billion dollars to deal with crop surpluses?

Agricultural Marketing Act

Federal Farm Board

What two institutions, established by the Federal Farm Board, were intended to buy up surpluses but ultimately failed in this goal?

Grain Stabilization Corporation and Cotton Stabilization Corporation

How much was a bushel of wheat in the 1930?

How much was a pound of cotton?

57 cents

5 cents

What tariff raised the average duty to the highest level in America's peacetime history in an attempt to assist the farmers?

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

What was the name given to the day in which 16,410,030 million shares of stocks were sold, triggering the Great Depression?

Black Tuesday

What was a "sick joke" of the time that hotel room clerks asked people renting rooms after the stock market crash?

"For sleeping or jumping?"

What song replaced "My God, How the Money Rolls In"?

"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?"

What were two nicknames for the Great Depression that captured the idea that it was a depression of abundance, not want?

"great glut" and "plague of plenty"

What was a nickname given to the 30's as a result of the impoverished state of the nation?

the "threadbare thirties"

Which prominent banking house in Europe failed that lead to a chain-reaction of financial collapse?

Vienna Banking House

What area was being scorched by a drought in the 1930 leading to thousands of farms being sold at auctions for taxes?

Mississippi Valley

What did panhandlers beg for during the depression?

What were panhandlers also known as?

What did they sleep under?

What was the name for the shantytowns in which they lived?

"charity soup"

"ragged individualists

"Hoover blankets" (old newspapers)

"Hoovervilles"

According to one Wall Streeter, Martin Devries, who would have had the same economic problems as Hoover?

Jesus Christ

What were Hoover's somewhat ironic nicknames?

the "Great Humanitarian" and "Great Engineer"

What did Hoover's relief expenditures pave the way for?

Roosevelt's New Deal

What public enterprise was voted by the Hoover administration to provide irrigation, flood control, and electric power?

Who was it completed under?

Hoover Dam on Colorado River

Franklin Roosevelt

What legislation was designed to dam the Tennessee River but was vetoed by Hoover because he disapproved of the government selling electricity?

What government body was it later embraced by?

Muscle Shoals Bill

FDR's Tennessee Valley Authority

What agency became a government lending bank?

What were two of its nicknames?

What were its loans called?

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

"billion-dollar soup kitchen" and "the millionaires' dole"

"pump-priming" loans

What act outlawed antiunion contracts?

What was another name for this contract?

Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act

"yellow-dog" contract

According to Hoover, what did Congress do during his administration?

"played politics with human misery"

What was the name given to the 20,000 veterans who marched on Washington to demand full immediate payment of their payment due in 1945?

How many of these people would get paid?

What would the remaining veterans' force be called?

How many lives would the riots cost?

Who carried out their eviction using bayonets and tear gas?

What was the ensuing conflict called?

What was the 11-month old baby who died in this conflict called?

The "Bonus Expeditionary Force" (BEF)

6,000

Bonus Army

2

General Douglas MacArthur

The "Battle of Anacostia Flats"

"bonus baby"

What did Hoover allegedly do to the country, according to many Americans? (three D's)

Who did Democrats employ to drive him from office?

What was the existing panic branded as?

"ditched, drained, and damned the country"

"smear artists"

"the Hoover depression"

What portion of Asia did Japan illegally lunge into?

What could have potentially stopped Japan?

Manchuria (China)

a tight blockade by the League of Nations (backed by the US)

Who was Hoover's secretary of state?

What doctrine did they create that declared that the US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force?

Henry Stimson

The Stimson doctrine

What Chinese city was bombed by the Japanese in 1932 as a result of smarting under a Chinese boycott?

Shanghai

What foreign affairs ideology became much less popular during the Great Depression?

What was abandoned by Hoover?

economic imperialism

The Roosevelt Corollary

What country did Hoover make a pact with promising to withdraw American military forces?

What was the nickname for the last marines that sailed away from Nicaragua?

What policy did Hoover engineer the foundation stones of?

Haiti

"leathernecks"

Good Neighbor policy