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core
the center of the Earth
lava
molten rock that has been released from the lithosphere
convergent plate boundary
where tectonic plates collide
aquifer
underground regions of rock and soil that hold groundwater
eutrophication
When excess nutrients in water lead to plant and algae growth, reducing oxygen and harming other organisms.
nitrification
the process of converting ammonium ions (NH4+) into nitrite ions (NO2-) and then into nitrate ions (NO3-) that plants can take in
flux
the movement of nutrients from one reservoir to another
mantle
This layer makes of the majority of the Earth and surrounds the core.
groundwater
water found underground beneath layers of soil
denitrification
converting nitrate ions (NO3-) in soil or water into gaseous nitrogen (N2)
transform plate boundary
where tectonic plates grind alongside each other
hydrosphere
all of the water found in and on Earth
ecotone
A transition zone between two ecosystems where species from both mix.
crust
the outermost layer of the Earth.
mesosphere
It is solid and makes up the majority of the mantle
sedimentary rock
Formed from particles compacted and cemented after weathering and erosion.
atmosphere
all of the gases surrounding Earth
reservoirs
a pool where large quantities of a nutrient is stored
transpiration
the evaporation of water through the leaves of plants
divergent plate boundary
tectonic plates that are moving away from one another
nitrogen fixation
Bacteria convert nitrogen gas into plant-usable ammonium in root symbiosis.
magma
molten rock beneath the surface of the Earth
lithosphere
the rigid outer part of the earth
infiltration
the process whereby water enters the soil
subduction
the process whereby one tectonic plate slides underneath another tectonic plate
macronutrients
vitamins and minerals, required in large amounts for organisms to survive.
asthenosphere
The semi-melted, flowing upper mantle with high heat and low pressure.
hypoxia
refers to a deficiency in the amount of oxygen present
micronutrients
substances, such as vitamins and minerals, required in small amounts for organisms to survive
evaporation
the conversion of liquid water to gaseous water
homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.
runoff
the flow of water from rain, snow melt, etc., over land into streams and other bodies of water
metamorphic rock
This type of rock is formed under extreme heat and pressure.
closed system
Self-contained, no exchange with surroundings, reaches equilibrium, not found in nature.
open system
Constant exchange of energy, matter, and information with surroundings.
water table
the upper limit of an aquifer that is completely saturated by groundwater
Haber-Bosch process
makes ammonia (NH₃) by combining nitrogen (N₂) and hydrogen (H₂) under high pressure and temperature with a catalyst.
igneous rock
This type of rock is formed when magma cools.
precipitation
when water vapor condense and falls as rain
