Period 3

New France Trade

Focus on hunting beaver for fur and the impact of fur trade on the environment and Native American populations.

Beaver hats

Popular in Europe, leading to intense hunting and ecological damage in New France.

French Explorers

Included Antoine Cadillac who founded Detroit and Robert De La Salle who explored Louisiana.

King William's War

(1689-1697) A conflict involving British and allies against French and Spanish empires.

Queen Anne's War

(1702-1713) War of Spanish Succession, resulted from Louis XIV placing his grandson on the Spanish throne.

French and Indian War

The first clash in the Ohio Valley in 1754, marking escalating tensions over territory.

Albany Plan of Union

Proposed by Ben Franklin in 1754 to unite colonies for mutual defense.

War of Jenkins Ear

A conflict from 1739 between British and Spanish, part of the larger War of Austrian Succession.

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended Queen Anne's War in 1713, granting England territory in North America.

General Edward Braddock

British general tasked with expelling French from the Ohio Valley.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763) A global conflict featuring multiple nations, including Britain, France, and Spain.

William Pitt

Foreign Minister who recognized colonial concerns and changed British strategies.

Battle of Quebec

1759 significant confrontation leading to British control over Quebec.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Resulted in France losing most territories in North America to England.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 uprising by Ottawa Chief Pontiac against British rule.

Proclamation of 1763

Prevented colonial expansion beyond the Appalachians.

Mercantilism

Economic theory driving British control over colonial trade.

Navigation Acts

Legislation restricting colonial trade to enforce mercantilism.

Sugar Act (1764)

First law aimed at raising revenue through colonial taxation.

Quartering Act (1765)

Required colonies to provide housing for British troops.

Stamp Act (1765)

Mandated use of special stamped paper for legal documents and publications.

Sons of Liberty

Colonial group formed to resist British taxation.

Virtual Representation

British argument that members of Parliament represented all British subjects.

Declaratory Act (1766)

Reaffirmed Parliament's authority over the colonies.

Townshend Acts (1767)

Imposed duties on imported goods like glass and tea.

Boston Massacre

1770 incident where British troops killed five colonists.

Tea Tax

Tax on tea that led to widespread protest and rebellion.

Boston Tea Party

1773 protest against the Tea Tax involving the destruction of tea.

Intolerable Acts

A response to the Boston Tea Party, punishing Massachusetts.

First Continental Congress

1774 meeting of colonial delegates to address grievances.

Quebec Act (1774)

Guaranteed French Canadians their rights and customs in Canada.

Lexington and Concord

First battles of the American Revolutionary War.

Siege of Fort Ticonderoga

American capture of a key fort for military supplies.

Battle of Bunker Hill

January 1775 battle demonstrating colonial resistance.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the war, convincing France to ally with America.

Ticonderoga (1775)

Significant early American victory under Allen and Arnold.

Saratoga (1777)

Decisive battle that garnered French support for the American cause.

Treaty with France (1778)

Formal alliance giving America aid in the Revolutionary War.

Federalists vs Anti-Federalists

Debate between those supporting and opposing the Constitution.

Federalist Papers

Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution.

Shays' Rebellion

1786 uprising revealing weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation.

Constitutional Convention

1787 meeting to create a new governing document in Philadelphia.

Checks and Balances

System ensuring no single branch of government gains too much power.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments guaranteeing individual liberties.

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation

Declared America's policy of neutrality during European conflicts.

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic incident leading to quasi-war with France.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Federalist laws restricting immigration and limiting free speech.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Political statements advocating state rights against federal overreach.