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People who provide information to the researcher (quantitative study)
subjects
study participants
People who provide information to the researcher (qualitative study)
informants
study participants
site
overall location for research
variable
is a characteristic or quality that takes on different values
continuous variables
can take on an infinite range of values along a continuum
Discrete variables
have a finite number of values between two points
Categorical variables
have distinct categories that do not represent a quantity
Dependent variable
is the behavior or characteristic the researcher is interested in explaining, predicting, or affecting
Independent variable
is the presumed cause of, antecedent to, or influence on the dependent variable.
operational definition
Research Data
information collected during a study
are the pieces of information obtained in a study
Relationship
is a bond or connection between two variables.
qualitative research
sometimes is rooted in research traditions that originate in other disciplines
Grounded theory
research with roots in sociology, seeks to describe and understand the key social psychological processes that occur in social settings
focus on developing social experience
is the discovery of not only the basic social psychological problem but also a core variable that is central in explaining what is going on in that social scene
Phenomenology
focuses on the lived experiences of humans and is an approach to learning what the life experiences of people are like and what they mean.
philosophical tradition developed by Husserl and Heidegger, is concerned with the lived experiences of humans
what is the essence of this phenomenon as experienced by these people
Ethnography
provides a framework for studying the meanings, patterns, and lifeways of a culture in a holistic fashion
engage in extensive fieldwork
strive to learn from members or cultural group, to understand their worldview, and to describe their customs and norms
IMRAD Format
Introduction
Method
Result
Discussion
Statistical test
are procedures for testing research hypotheses and evaluating the believability of findings.
Data being investigated (Quantitative Term)
Constructs
Concepts
Variables
Data being investigated (Qualitative Term)
Phenomena
concepts
System of organizing concepts (Quantitative Term)
theoretical framework
theory
conceptual framework
conceptual model
System of organizing concepts (Qualitative Term)
sensitizing framework
theory
conceptual framework
Information gathered (Quantitative Term)
numerical values
Information gathered (Qualitative Term)
narrative description
connections between concepts (Quantitative Term)
cause-and-effect, associative
connections between concepts (Qualitative Term)
patterns of associations
Logical reasoning processes (Quantitative Term)
deductive reasoning
Logical reasoning processes (Qualitative Term)
Inductive reasoning
Construct
abstraction inferred from situations or behaviors
theory
systematic, abstract explanation of some aspect of reality
Heterogeneous group
when an attribute is highly varied in the group under study
homogeneous group
the amount of variability is limited
dichotomous variables
categorical variables take on only two values
conceptual definition
present the abstract or theoretical meaning of concepts under study
operational definition
concept specifies what the researchers must do to measure the concepts and collect needed information
specifies how the variables will be measured
causal relationship
a cause-and-effect relationship
experimental research
researchers actively introduce an intervention or treatment-most often, to address therapy questions.
clinical trial
nonexperimental research
researchers are bystander-they collect data without intervening (most often, to address Etiology, Prognosis, or Diagnosis questions).
observational study
literature review
provides a foundation on which to base new evidence and usually is conducted before data are collected
Hypotheses
state researcher’s expectation(predictions) about relationship between study variables
research design
overall plan for obtaining answers to the research questions
population
all the individuals or objects with common, defining characteristics
sampling plan
specifies how the sample will be selected and recruited and how many subjects there will be
abstract
brief description of the study placed at the beginning of the article
introduction
communicates the research problem and its context
method section
lays out methodological decisions made in the design and planning phase and may offer rationales for those decisions
results section
presents the finding from the data analyses and summarizes key findings
Discussion section
researchers draw conclusion about what the result mean and how the evidence can be used in practice