Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1

Anatomical Position Definition

* Standard body position used to avoid confusion
* Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward

Picture of Anatomical Position

What are Directional Terms

* They explain the location of one body structure in relation to another

Superior(cranial or cephalad)

* Toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior(caudal)

* Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Ventral(anterior)

* Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Dorsal(posterior)

* Toward or at the backside of the body; behind

Medial

* Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

* Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate

* Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

* Close to the origin of the body or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk

Distal

* Farther from the origin of a body part or a point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial(external)

* toward or at the body surface

Deep(internal)

* Away from the body surface; more internal

Sections

* Cuts along imaginary lines known as planes

3 types of planes or sections exist as right angles to one another

* Sagittal
* Frontal
* Transverse

Sagittal Section

* Divides the body(or organ) into right and left parts

Median/Midsagittal

* Under sagittal
* Divides the body into EQUAL left and right parts

Frontal(coronal) Section

* Divides body into anterior and posterior parts
* Front and back

Transverse Plane/Section(cross)

* Divides body into inferior and superior part
* Top and bottom

Body Cavities

* Provide varying degrees of protection to origins within them

The two main body cavities

* Dorsal
* Ventral

Dorsal body cavity 2 subdivisions

* Cranial Cavity
* Spinal Cavity
* The dorsal body cavity is one of the main body cavities

Cranial Cavity

* A subdivision of dorsal body cavity
* Houses the brain
* Protected by the skull

Spinal Cavity

* Another subdivision of the dorsal body cavity
* Houses the spinal cord
* Protected by the vertebrae

Ventral body cavity

* One of the main body cavities

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Has two subdivisions separated by the diaphragm

* - Thoracic
* - Abdominopelvic

Thoracic Cavity

* Cavity superior to the diaphragm
* Houses the heart, lungs, and other organs
* Contains the mediastinum: the space in your chest that holds the heart and other important structures
* Contains central region and trachea

Abdominopelvic cavity

* Cavity inferior to the diaphragm

Superior abdominal cavity contains stomach, liver, and other organs

* - Protected only by trunk muscles

Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum

* - Protected somewhat by bony pelvis

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* No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities

Abdominopelvic Cavity subdivisions

* Four quadrants
* Nine regions

Four quadrants of the abdominopelvic Cavity

* Right upper Quadrant(LUQ)
* Right Lower Quadrant(RLQ)
* Left Upper Quadrant(LUQ)
* Left Lower Quadrant( LLQ)

Nine regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

* Right hypochondriac region
* Right lumbar region
* Right lilac( inguinal) region
* Epigastric region
* Umbilical region
* Hypogastric(pubic) region
* Left hypochondriac region
* Left lumbar region
* Left lilac(inguinal) region

Other body cavities

* Oral and digestive
* Nasal Cavity
* Orbital Cavities
* Middle ear cavities

Epi-

above

Gastric

stomach

Hypo-

under

Chon-

cartilage

Diaphragm separates…

Thoracic from abdominopelvic cavity

Two or more of the same cells together are called….

Tissue

Two or more different tissues together are called…

Organs

Organs combined and that WORK TOGETHER are called…

Organ systems

Organs systems bunched together are called…

Organism

Atoms are the building block of…

Matter

Cells are the basic unit of….

Life

later vs. distal

* Lateral is away from the midline of the body
* Distal is away from a BODY PART origin/ point of attachment

When identifying, we have to assume…

ANATOMICAL POSITION

Levels of Organisation

* Atoms
* Cells
* Tissue
* Organs
* Organ system
* Organism

Anatomy

* The scientific study of the body’s structure and shape of the body and its parts
* Observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts
* What and where?
* Form
* Identifying
* Structure

Physiology

* The scientific study of the chemistry and physic of the structure of the body in which they work together to support the functions of life
* How and why?
* Function

Chemical Level(atoms)

* 1st level of organization
* Atoms bond together to form molecules

Cellular Level(cells)

* 2nd level of organization
* The smallest unit in the body
* Cells are made up of molecules

Tissue Level

* 3rd level of organization
* Same cells come together

Organ Level

* 4th level of organization
* Made up of different tissues, two or more form an organ

Organ System Level

* 5th level of organization
* Consists of different organs that work closely together
* 11 major systems

Organism

* 6th level of organization
* Made up of many organ systems
* Human