Period 3

French and Indian war

New France trade:

• Hunting Beaver and other furs

• Beaver hats popular in Europe

• Fur-trappers ranged over French Territory: Hard life in the wilderness

• Interaction with the Native Americans- Decimated by Whites, Addicted to Alcohol, Killing Beaver violated Indian religious beliefs

• killed almost all Beavers in some areas, inflicted incalcuable ecological damage

New France Missionaries

• Few permanent coverts, but played important role as explorers and geographers

French Explorers

• Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit

• Robert De La Salle: interior basin “Louisiana”

• New Orleans founded in 1718

• French build Forts on Mississippi to stop Spanish expansion

Clash of Empires

• King Williams War- 1689-1697 (War of the League of Augsburg)

• British and allies against French and Spanish to try to check the power of France

• Queen Annes War 1702-1713 (War of Spanish Succession)

• Fought when Louis XIV tries to put his Grandson on the throne of Spain

• Fr. Indian Allies raid Deerfield, Mass and Schenectady, NY

• 1739- War of Jenkins Ear

• 1740-48: King Georges War (war of Austrian Succession in Europe)- French and Spanish against British- Brits take- Cape Breton Island and Louisbourg fortress, controlled entrance to ST. Lawrence River- Brits give it back in the peace treaty in 1748

• by this time British had the colonies, the Grant to Hudsons bay Company in Canada and some islands

• France has “New France” and Louisiana

• and Spain has the southern half of North America

• 1754- the first Clash in the Ohio Valley

• Guyasuta- scout for Washington- 1753- Fought with French and supported Pontiac

Queen Annes War End- Treaty of Utrecht-1713

• England gets Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay Area, Limited trading rights in Spanish America

1754 Albany Plan of Union

• Ben Franklin- reps. from 7 of 13 showed

• Albany Congress- Iroquois Broke off relations with Britain and threatened to trade with the French

• Many Americans sought for the American colonies to unite, for strength lay in numbers and concerned about Iroquois

• in 1754, 7 out of the 13 colonies met for an inter-colonial congress held in Albany, New York, known as The Albany congress

• a month before the congress, Ben Franklin had published his famous “Join or Die” cartoon featuring a snake in pieces, symbolizing the colonies

• Franklin helped unite the colonists in Albany, but the Albany plan failed because the states were reluctant to give up their sovereignty or power. Sill, it was a first step toward unity

1755 Britain Decides to Eliminate French Presence in North America

• Gen. Edward Braddock to evict the French from the OH Valley and Canada (Newfoundland and Nova Scotia)

• shot 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian Forces

• Defeat left entire area from PA to NC undefeated

• Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, and Acadia

• only British Success- expelled France from Louisiana

• 1756 War is Formally Declared- Native Tribes exploited Both sides

over all causes

• using trading posts and forts, both the British and the French claimed the Vast territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, Known as the Ohio Country

• Both European countries ignored Native American claims to the land in order to pursue their beaver pelt economies

• the British colonists feared Papal influence in North America. For the predominantly Protestant British settlers, French control over North America could have represented a threat to their religious and other freedoms that were provided by English law

• the French feared the anti-Catholicism prevalent among English holdings. in this period, catholicism was still enduring persecution under English law

• Newfoundlands Grand Banks were fertile fishing grounds and coveted by both sides

Seven Years War -1756-1763

• the seven years war was fought in Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, Naval

• between 900,000 and 1,400,000 people died

• involved: Prussia, Hanover, and Great Britain-who were pitted against: France, Austria, the Russian Empire, Sweden, and Saxon. Spain and Portugal joined and the Netherlands was attacked in India

• Britain and Prussia against France, Spain, Austria, and Russia

• most fighting in Germany; Frederick the Great repelled French, Austrian, and Russian armies

• French wasted strength in Europe; unable to attack adequately in America

British American Colonia Tensions-

• colonists- Indian style guerilla tactics, col. militias served under own captains, no Mil. deference or protocols observed, resistance to rising taxes, casual non-professionals.

• British- March in formation or bayonet charge, BR. officers wanted to take charge of colonials, drills and tough discipline, colonists should pay for their own defense, Prima Donna Br. officers with servants and tea settings

British Invasion of French Canada

• 1756- unwisely attacked many outposts instead of concentrating on Montreal and Quebec

• British experienced continuous defeats in America in Europe

William Pitt becomes Foreign Minister

• he understood colonial concerns

• offered them a compromise: colonial loyalty and military cooperation> Britian would reimburse colonial assemblies for their costs

• Lord Loudoun would be removed

Tide Turns for England

• 1758-61

• British attacked Louisbourg: fortress fell after siege, first significant victory of entire war

• 1759- Battle of Quebec

• 1760 Montreal Falls

• other British Captures in 1759: Fort Niagara, Fort Ticonderoga, Crown Point

Battle of Quebec

• the 1759 Battle of Quebec ranks as one of the most Significant engagements in British and American history, and when Montreal fell in 1769, that was the last time French Flags would fly on American soil

• James Wolfe, commanded an army that boldly scaled the cliff walls of a part protecting Quebec, met French troops near the Plains of Abraham, and in a battle in which he and French commander Marquis de Montcalm both died, the French were defeated and the city of Quebec surrendered

Treaty of Paris

• France: lost her Canadian possessions, most of their empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River

• Spain- got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England

• England- got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India

• France was kicked out of North America

• British got Canada and the land all the way to the Mississippi river

• the French were allowed to retain several small but valuable sugar islands in the west Indies and two never-to-be-fortified islets in the Gulf of St. Lawrence for fishing stations

• Frances final blow came when they gave Louisiana to Spain to compensate for Spains losses in the war

• Great Britain took its place as the leading naval power

Effects of the War

• Britain- increased colonial Empire in Americas.

• Greatly enlarged Englands debt

• Britains contempt for the Colonials created bitter feelings

• American colonies: united them against a common enemy for the first time

• created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated

• created bitter feelings towards the British that would intensify

Pontiacs Rebellion

• 1763 Ottawa Chief Pontaic led a few French allied tribes in a brief but bloody campaign through the Ohio Valley, but whites quickly and cruelly retaliated after being cut off guard

• one commander ordered blankets infected with smallpox to be distributed

• the violence convinced whites to station troops along the frontier

Paxton Boys

• Scots-irish retaliation on the Quakers peaceful treatment of Indians

• group disbanded after Ben Franklin agreed to share grievances with colonial authorities

Proclamation of 1763

• 1763 Parliament issued Proclamation of 1763 to prohibit settlement in the area beyond Appalachains

• colonists saw it as a form of opression

• 1765 estimated 1,000 wagons rolled through the town of Salisbury, North Carolina, on their way “up West” in defiance of the Proclamation

Cajuns

• First French to leave Canada were the Acadians

• Acadians fled far south to Louisiana, where they settled among sleepy bayous, planted sugar cane, and sweet potatoes, and practiced Roman Catholicism

• spoke french dialect to be known as Cajun and married Spanish, French, and Germans

• they were isolated in large families until 1930s, when aBridge engineered by Governor Huey broke the Isolation of the Bayou communities

Leading up to Revolution

Mercantilism

• justified British control over the colonies

• believed the power was in accumulation of wealth in the form of silver

• colonies supplied mother country with raw materials to provide market for exports

Navigation Acts and Enforcement 1763

• Navigation law passed to regulate mercantilist system by restricting colonial trade to England

• Minister George Greenville wanted strict navigation rules making him unpopular

• colonists did not like these acts because they interfered with international trade affairs

Salutary Neglect

• unofficial British policy that allowed American colonies to largely govern themselves

• allowed for some self government in the colonies and laid groundwork for future self governance

Sugar Act 1764

• Prime Minister George Grenville passed through parliament the Sugar Act

• first law ever passed by that body for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown

• increased duty of foreign sugar imported from West Indies

• when bitter protests were ensued, duties were lowered substantially by British

Quartering Act 1765

• required colonies to supply food and quarter British Troops

• New York refused to comply, so London government suspended legislature

Stamp Act

• Raised Revenues to support the New military force

• mandated use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps

• colonists organized groups like Sons/Daughters of Liberty

• argued they were being taxed without representation

• many were angry because they needed stamps for trade items, commercial, and legal documents

Stamp Act Congress 1765

• After colonial progress against Stamp Act

• brought 27 delegates from 9 colonies

• members drew up statement of their rights and grievances and beseeched the king and Parliament to repeal the legislation

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

• Group who used violence and took law into their own hands

• enforced nonimportation

• mobs ransacked houses of officials

Virtual Representation

• idea that members elected to Parliament represented the whole British empire, not specific people or geographical locations

• rejected by colonists who wanted to be represented by their geographical location

“No Taxation Without Representation”

• phrase used by colonists because they wanted more political representation if they were going to be taxed by the British government

Declaratory Act 1766

• Reaffirming parliaments rights “to bind” the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

• British government drew its line in the land

• British had absolute and qualified sovereignty over North American colonies

Townshend Acts 1767

• control of British ministry was seized by the gifted but erratic Charles “Champagne Charley” Townshend

• parliament passed the Townshend Acts in 1767

• light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea

• Seizing differences between internal and external taxes

Boston Massacre

• a crowd of 60 was taunting and throwing snowballs at a group of 10 redcoats

• they ended up open firing on the crowed and kill and wounded 11 people

Tea Tax

• the British East India Company was able to sell tea cheap to the American colonies

• many Americans saw this as a trick

Committees of Correspondence 1773

• Sam Adams single contribution was to organize in Mass. the local Committees of Correspondence

• 80 towns set up similar organizations

• functioned to spread the word of resistance by exchanging letters and thus keeping alive opposition to British policy

Boston Tea Party 1773

• December 6th roughly 100 Bostonians dressed to resemble American Indians, dumped tea import into the Atlantic

• mixed reactions from colonists

Intolerable Acts1774

• series of acts designed to chastise Boston in particular and Massachusetts in general

• Boston Port act- closed tea stained harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured

• quartering acts-

First Continetial Congress

• meet in Philly to consider ways to redress colonial grievances

• most significant action was the creation of The Association

• British were dismissive and viewed colonists actions as rebellious

• tightened grip on colonists

• created Declaration of Rights

The Association

• called for complete boycott of British Goods, nonimportation, nonexportation, nonconsumption, but not yet independence

Quebec Act 1774

• Guaranteed French their Catholic religion and their customs which did not include trial by jury or rep. assembly

Revolutionary Battles

Lexington and Concord

• april 19, 1775

• marked first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War

• British march to Concord to seize colonial weapons, resulting with skirmishes with colonial militia in Lexington and concord

• Paul Revere warned the colonists

• “shot heard around the world”

• the Americans won showing they will fight for their independence

Siege of Fort Ticonderoga

• May 10 1775

• British held fort held on the route between Canada and the American Colonies

• had strategic importance because it controlled access to the Hudson River and Lake Champlain

• Americans planned to seize fort to gain weapons, cannons, for use against the British

• led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold

• Americans won

Battle of Bunker Hill

• June 17 1775

• colonists heard British wanted to get hills around Boston to get Tactical advantage

• under Colonel William Prescott fortified Breeds Hill

• British ended up capturing hill

Battle of Saratoga

• 1777 was a turning point in the American Revolutionary War

• convinced France to officially ally with the colonists

• British planned to invade New York from Canada

• they faced supply shortages and stiff American resistance

• American forces gathered Around Saratoga to stop this advance

• one of largest British surrenders

Battle of York Town

• 1781

• major battle and resulted in decisive American victory

• George Washington saw an opportunity to trap British at Yorktown Virginia

• American and French forces captured key British defenses making a retreat impossible

• Cornwallis requested a ceasefire and began surrender negotiations

• this was wars end

During Revolution

Treaty of Paris 1763

• British gain French land in Canada

• Spain eliminated from Florida, but still present in New Orleans and the West- awarded to them from France as part of deal

• Native Americans lost the ability to play powers against powers- looked bleak

• colonists free of foreign interference to move west - except for British

• Set Proclamation line 1763 to prevent further conflicts

Patriots and Loyalists

• Loyalists (tories)-16%-educated/wealthy-cities-merchants/loyal officials

Second Continental Congress (1775)

• met in Philly

• adopts the Olive Branch Petition

• all 13 colonies sent reps.

Thomas Paine: Common Sense

• participated in French Revolution after his work in US

• America was not a “British nation” but composed of influences and peoples from all of Europe

Declaration of Independence (1776)

• Richard Henry Lee moved for a declaration that Colonies were free and Independent

• Adopted July 2, 1776

• committee of five: Jefferson- wrote it, Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston

• Natural rights

• John Lockes theory on the Rights of Man

• Part 1: purpose and basis of government is to protect fundamental rights of individuals

• part 2: bad acts by king violating these rights

• Part 3: why colonies have no choice and are justified in being independent

George Washington

• select George Washington to head the army

• most significant early act of Second Continental Congress

• Washington had never risen above rank of colonel, and his largest command had only been of 1,200 men, but he was a tall figure who looked like a leader, and thus, was a morale boost to troops

• he radiated patience, courage, self-discipline, and a sense of justice, and though he insisted on working without pay, he did keep a careful expense account amounting to more than $100,000

• outstanding leader of men

• strong character. Did not seek political power and believed in principles of democracy

• moral force of patience, discipline, and fairness

• strong emotions

• people trusted him

• served without pay

• not a military genius

Ticonderoga

• May 1775

• Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured British forts of Ticonderoga and Crown point in upper New York

• Gained precious powder and a number of cannons

• problem- cannons are hard to move

Battle of Bunker Hill

• in June 1775 colonials seized Bunker Hill

• Redcoats launched a frontal attack, and the heavily entrenched colonial sharpshooters mowed them down until meager gunpowder supplies ran out and they were forced to retreat

• George 3 slammed the door for all hope of reconciliation and declared the colonies to be in open rebellion, a treasonous affair

Hessians

• George 3 declares colonies in rebellion

• sept 1775 George 3 hired thousands of German Troops to help crush the rebellion

• Olive Branch Petition: issued by the 2nd continental Congress and John Dickinson= loyalty to the crown and end of hostility- rejected by George 3

The Abortive Conquest of Canada

• 1775 Americans start a two pronged invasion of Quebec- conflicts with idea of defensive war

• the French- Canadians would support the Americans because they supposedly were bitter about Britains taking over of their land-wrong

• General Richard Montgomery captured Montreal

• at Quebec, he was joined by the bedraggled army of Gen. Benedict Arnold

• on the last day of 775, in the assault of Quebec, Montgomery was killed and Arnold was wounded in one leg, and the whole campaign collapsed as the men retreated u p the St. Lawrence River, reversing the way Montgomery had come

• besides the French-Canadians, who had welcomed the Quebec Act, didn’t really like the anti-Catholic invaders

Brits leave Boston

• 1776 Brits forced to evacuate Boston because of Henry Knox and the Ticonderoga cannons

• evacuation day March 17,1776

Battle of Long Island

• an awe-inspiring fleet appeared off the coast in July 1776, consisting of some 500 ships and 35,000 men- the largest armed force seen in America ever until the Civil War

• Washington could only muster 18000 ill-trained men to fight, and they were routed at the Battle of Long Island

• Washington escaped to Manhattan Island, crossed the Hudson River to New Jersey, reaching the Delaware River

Battle of Trenton and Princeton

• Gen. Howe did not follow after Long Island=blunder

• Christmas Night 12/26/1776 Washington crosses the Delaware River. Captures Trenton and Princeton

• Defeats Hessians- captures 1000

• he left his campfires burning as a ruse, slipped away, and inflicted a sharp defeat on a smaller British detachment at Princeton, showing his military genius at its best

Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion

• British Plan in 1777

• Burgoyne down Lake Champlain route

• Howe would move north to meet-up with him up the Hudson Valley

• split New England from the rest of the colonies

• Arnold defeats Burgoyne on Lake Champlain

Valley Forge- 1777-78

• Howe fails to move north to help Burgoyne

• attacks Washington instead

• Washington defeated Twice and goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge

• Terrible conditions: cold and little food

Saratoga

• Burgoyne defeated at Saratoga by Horatio Gates/ Arnold 1777

• surrenders his entire command

• this was one of the most decisive battles in British and American history

• the importance of Saratoga lay in the fact afterwards, France sensed America might win and came to officially help

• Arnold is the reason for win but Gates gets credit

Strange French Bedfellows

• France wanted to get revenge on Britain and secretly supplied Americans

• Continental Congress sent delegates to France. The delegates were guided by a “model Treaty” which sought no political or military connections, but only commercials ones

• Franklin played diplomacy game by wearing simple gray clothes and a coonskin cap to supposedly exemplify a raw new America

• after humiliation at Saratoga, the British offered the Americans a measure that gave them home rule- everything they wanted except independence

Treaty with France

• Louis XVI’s ministers argued that this was the perfect time to act, because if Britain regained control, she might then try to capture the French West Indies for Compensation for the war

• France 1778 offered treaty of alliance offering America everything that Britain had offered, plus recognition of independence

• the Americans accepted with caution, sinceFrance was pro-catholic but they took their help

• they provided guns, money, immense amount of equipment, .5 Americas regular armed forces, and practically all of the colonists naval strength

Colonial War Becomes World War

• 1778 Rev. war becomes World War

• France against England in 1778

• Spain and Holland come in against England in 1779

• GB now being fought in Europe, South America, the Caribbean, and Asia

• Armed Neutrality- 1780, Catherine the Great took the lead in organizing the Armed Neutrality that lined up all of Europes neutrals in passive hostility against England

Howe do we Win?

• Howe deliberately embarked for an attack on Philly

• he wanted to force an encounter with Washington and leave the path wide open for Burgoyne’s thrust. He thought he had enough time to help Burgoyne if needed

• Washington transferred his troops to Philadelphia, but was defeated at Brandywine Creek and German Town

Monmouth 1778

• Britain with the French now in the Seas, decided to finally evacuate Philly and concentrate their forces in New York, and even though Washington attacked them at Monmouth on a blisteringly hot day in which scores of men died of sunstroke, the British escaped to New York

• Americans claim victory

Blow and Counter Blow

• summer of 1780, 6,000French arrive under Comte de Rochambeau

• 1780 Benedict Arnold turns traitor

• 1779 Brit invades Savannah GA

• 1780 Brits invade Charleston, S.C.

• nature of fighting in the South

Fighting in the South

• 1781 American riflemen wiped out a British detachment at Kings Mountain, and then defeated a smaller force at Cowpens

The Land Frontier

• Most Indians sided with the Brits

• Iroquois Confederacy split

• 1784, pro-British Iroquois forced to sign the Treaty of Fort Stanwix

• George Rogers Clark goes west and captures Forts Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Vincennes

• significance- awarded this land at Paris

“I have not yet begun to fight” - Sea War

• Scotsman John Paul Jones- destroyed British merchants shipping

• war in the British Isles

• Privateers- privately owned ships- authorized by Congress to attack enemy shipping

• captured 600 Brits- but Brits captured about as many Americans

Peace at Paris- 1783

• Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay met in Paris for a peace deal

• Jay suspected that France would try to keep the US cooped up east of the Alleghenies and keep America weak

• Jay secretly made separate overtures to London and came to terms quickly with the British, who were eager to entice one of their enemies from the alliance

• Britain formally recognizes US independence

• Yankees also retained a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland

Articles and Constitution

The Pursuit of Equality- Rich

• American Rev. was more of an accelerated evolution than a revolution

• 80,000 loyalists left a great lack of conservatives

Pursuit of Equality - slavery

• Large, problematic issue, as the Continental Congress of 1774 had called for the abolition of slavery, and in 1775, the Philadelphia Quakers founded the worlds first anti-slavery society

Pursuit of Equality- women

• women were still unequal to men even though some had served in the Rev. war

• New Jerseys constitution allowed women to vote

• “republican Motherhood”- women raised the children and thereby held the future of the republic in their hands

State Constitutions

• Continental Congress of 1776 called upon colonies to draft new constitutions

• Mass. called a special convention to draft its constitution and made it so the constitution could only be changed through another specially called constitutional convention

• many states represented a fundamental law, and had a bill of rights, and also required annual election of legislators

• all of them created weak executive and judicial branches since they distrusted power due to Britains abuse

• in most states legislative branch was given sweeping powers, though Thomas Jefferson, warned that “ 173 despots would be as oppressive as one”

• many state capitals followed migration of people and moved westward

Economic Crosscurrents

• after Rev. loyalist land was seized, but people didn’t chop heads off

• good imported from England were cut off forcing America to make their own

• America remained Agriculturalists

• they stated trading with foreign countries

• Empress of China ventured into far off places

• inflation was rampant, and taxes were hated; rich became poor, disrespect of private property

A shaky start Towards Union

• America was much more a name than a real country

• economy didn’t help, Britain flooded America with cheap goods, hurting American industries

• hopeful signs: similar governments, similar culture, Great Leaders

Horrid specter of Anarchy

• nations credit was going bad

• interest on debt accumulating

• states not paying their share of taxes

• fed. Gov. broke

• states create inflation by printing more dollars

• states raise property taxes

Shays Rebellion

• flared up in western Mass.

• shays’ was disgruntled over getting farmland mortgages. notably, the inability to get land is the same motivation for rebellion(1676) and Paxton boys (1764)

• Daniel Shays was convicted, but later pardoned

• the importance of shays rebellion- the fear of such violence lived on and paranoia motivated people to want a stronger federal government

Defects in the Articles

• Articles of Confederation destined for failure

• states no longer completely independent, but central government had little power over them

• national government dealt with common affairs such as trade and foreign relations

Prelude to Constitution

• what power did conservatives most want national government to have

• Annapolis Convention 1786: only 5 states showed up, Alexander Hamilton saves the purpose with his report calling for a Constitutional convention the next year to amend the Articles

Constitutional Convention

• Congress not eagle to call a constitutional convention

• finally called for one “for the sole and express purpose of revising” the Articles of Confederation

• Every state but Rhode Island chose a rep

• 55 delegates from 12 states met in Philly may 1787

• nature of the delegates:

• George Washington was unanimously elected chairman

• Ben Franklin was the elder statesman and the oldest at 81

• James Madison dubbed “father of the constitution” - because of his contributions to the constitution

• was not there: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine

• not elected: sam Adams, John Hancock

• Declined to serve: Patrick Henry

Characteristics of Delegates

• Delegates were conservative and well off

• young but experienced

• nationalists

• wanted a strong government so that they could have unified trade laws

• wanted to stop unrestrained democracy

Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises

• decided to completely scrap Articles and start fresh

• Large states Plan (Virginias plan)

• small states plan (New Jerseys plan)

• Great compromise (Connecticut plan)- revenue bills

• Presidnecy

• 3/5 compromise

• slave trade compromise

Constitutions organization

• preamble

• Article 1: legislative Branch

• Article 2: executive Branch

• Article 3: judicial Branch

• Article 4: relations among states

• Article 5: provisions for amendments

• Article 6: National debts, supremacy of National Law, oath

• Article 7: ratification of Constitution

Six basic Principles of the Constitution

• Popular sovereignty- governments power comes from the people

• Limited government- power limited by what people provide

• Separation of powers- power divided by 3 branches

• Check and Balances- a branches ability to restrain other two

• Judicial Review- power to interpret the constitution

• Federalism- layers of government, with the central government powerful enough to be effective, but not powerful enough to threaten the states or individuals

Safeguards for conservatism

• delegates agreed that unbridled democracy should be limited

• constitution was designed to be bulwark against “mobocracy”

• federal judges were appointed for life

• president elected indirectly by electoral college

• senators to be chosen indirectly by state legislatures

• house s the only part directly voted in by the people

• powers of national government were limited

• it can only exercise power in those areas that the constitution specified

• all other governmental functions reserved to states

Federalists and Anti-federalists

• Farmers knew that it would be difficult to get national acceptance of the Constitution

• ratification through state conventions. States themselves decided how delegates to convention selected

• federalists support the constitution

• anti-federalists oppose the constitution

• characteristics of Federalists:

• supported strong central government and thus, constitution

• more respectable, mostly propertied people, educated

• lived in settled areas along seaboard- mostly conservative Geroge Washington, James Madison, John Marshall

• controlled press

• George Washington, Ben Franklin

Anti-Federalists

• advocates for States rights

• believed that strong central government was threat to individual liberty

• back country people, less educated, and illiterate

• wanted bill of rights to protect the few individual freedoms they had

• Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee

• saw constitution as a plot of the “upper crust” to seal power from common folk

Four Laggard States

• 9 had ratified, two populous states, New York and Virginia, had not

• these states were critical for the new nation

• Convention had an anti-federalist majority in New York

Federalist Papers

• Written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison

• 85 federalist papers give lasting insights into the meaning of the constitution by those who drafted it

Ratification

• New York ratified in part because of federalist papers, in part because VA and New York recognized that it could not do it alone

• North Carolina and Rhode Island are the last to ratify

Conservative Triumph

• sovereignty still with people, but now checks on “mobocracy”

• moved power from the states, to national government were embodied equally in three branches of government

• all 3 branches represent the people

Government Terminology

• Federal implies balance of power between the unified government and states

• national implies that more power rests in the unified government

• unitary state government implies that the gov. was created and then delegated power to the states

• federal central government implies that the states were first and then delegated power to their unified government

Branches/ Elections

• AOC- each state had one vote. they elected president to preside over congress

• Constitution: 3 Branches, leg: 2 houses (house and senate), exec: pres- electoral college, Jud: system of federal courts headed by the Supreme court.

• AOC- no less than 2, no more than 7 members. no person can serve more than 3 years in any term of 6 years. committees from states choose the reps.

• Con.: senate: chosen by legislature- 2 from each state, 6 year term. 1/3 chosen every 3 years. house: directly elected by people. 2 year term

laws/amendments

• AOC- “9 out of 13” to ratify

• con.- majority in each house and presidents signature. House: revenue/impeachment. Senate: treaties. pres: power of veto Pocket- 10 days

• AOC- amendments- unanimous vote

• Con. - Propose: 2/3- House, Senate, States can propose a convention to force H and S to meet. Pass: both 2/3- H and S/ Pres/3/4 State legis or conventions. 7 years to ratify

Other powers

• AOC- army- no power, asks states to help

• con. power to raise an army

• AOC-no power to tax, ask states

• Con.- power to tax

• AOC- no power to control trade between the state with other nations

• con.-power to control trade

• AOC- no bill of rights

• Con.- none but will be added

Washington and Adams Presidency

Growing pains

• 1789 US constitution was launched and population was doubling

• Americas population was 90% rural with 5% living in west Appalachians

• Vermont 14th state in 1791, followed by Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio

• heavily in debt

Washington for President

• elected as president by electoral college in 1789

• took his oath of office April 1789

• Thomas Jefferson- Sec. of State

• Alexander Hamilton- sec. of treasury

• Henry Knox- Sec. of war

• Edmund Randolph- Attorney General

Washingtons presidency

• many states had ratified the constitution on the condition that there would be a Bill of Rights, and many anti-federalists had criticized the Constitution for its lack of a bill

• adopted bill of Rights in 1791

• Judiciary Act of 1789 created effective federal courts

• John Jay became first Chief Justice of US

Alexander Hamilton

• Attended kings college

• was self-taught artillery commander and became chief of staff

• urged federal government to pay its debts of $54 million and try to pay them off at face value, plus interest, as well as assume the debts of the states of $21.5 million

• “funding at Par” gained support of rich to federal government not to states

• would bind states to the new national government

• the dinner table bargain- Virginia would have the District of Columbia built on its land in return for letting the government assume all the states debts

Customs Duties and Excise taxes

• Hamilton proposed custom duties- low tarrif of 8% of the value of dutiable imports

• 1791 Hamilton secured Excise tax on few domestic items, whiskey

Hamilton Vs. Jefferson- the Bank

• Hamilton proposed national treasury- private institution modeled after the Bank of England

• opposed by Jefferson as being Unconstitutional

• Hamiltons view:

• what was not forbidden in the constitution was permitted

• bank was “necessary and proper”

• Jeffersons View:

• what was not permitted was forbidden

• bank should be state-controlled item

• Bank of US was created by Congress in 1791

• located in Philly

Rebellion

• 1794 western Pennsylvania Whiskey Rebellion flared up when fed-up farmers revolted against Hamiltons excise tax

• liquor and alcohol was used as money

Washingtons Reply

• Washington cautiously sent an army but rebels had scattered

• anti-federalists criticized the governments use of a sledgehammer to crust a gnat

• the lesson of the Whiskey rebellion- this government unlike the articles was strong

Emergance of Political Parties

• Hamiltons policies seemed to encroach on states’ rights

• rivalry between Jefferson and Hamilton turned into two political parties

• since 1825 two party system has strengthened the US government

• Jefferson: Democratic-republicans

• Hamilton: Federalists

French Revolution:

• people were joyous for the french

• ultraconservative federalists were upset about this revolt

• after the revolution turned radical federalists changed opinions and looked nervously at Jeffersonians- who felt no revolution could be carried out without a little bloodshed

• neither group fully approved French Revolution

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation

• Hamilton- supports Brits 75% of exports and 90% imports

• 1793 neutrality Proclamation- US official neutrality and warning Americans to stay out of the issue and be impartial

Citizen Edmond Genet

• French Ambassador during French Revolution

• had been cheered on by Democratic-republicans, who supported France

• threatened appeal over the head of Washington to the sovereign voters

Neutrality Impact

• helped France

• US did not have to honor alliance because they did not call on Treaty of 1778

Embroilments with Britain

• Treaty of Greenville- 1795 Indians cede their vast tract in the Ohio country to Americans after General “Mad Anthony” Wayne crushed them at Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794, Indians were being supplied by British

• British seized 300 American sips and impressed scores of seamen into their army

• Democratic-republicans called out for war on England

• Washington refused

Jays Treaty

• Britain would repay the lost money from recent merchant ship seizures but said nothing about future seizures or supplying Indians with arms

• Dem-Reps were mad

• Jays effigy was burnt in the streets

Pinckney Treaty 1795

• Spain gave Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida- Jay Treaty prompted this

Washingtons Farewell

• stepped down

• warned about political parties

• and building permanent alliances with foreign nations

Adams Victory

• Hamilton was logical choice to become next president but financial plan made him unpopular

• John Adams won against Thomas Jefferson who became vice president

XYZ affair

• John Adams sent three envoys to France where they were approached by three agents X, Y, and Z

• they demanded 32 million florins and $250,000 bribe just for talking to Talleyrand

• they did not take this sum

• they returned to America cheered by angry Americans as having done the right thing for America

War with France

• France was mad about Jays Treaty- calling it a violation of the 1778 Franco-American Treaty- so they began seizing American merchant ships

• after XYZ- Americans called to war with France but Adams stayed neutral

Foes before Bros

• Talleyrand declared that if another envoy was sent to France that it would be received with respect

• 1800 Treaty signed in Paris ended 1778 alliance in return for Americans paying the claims of its shippers as alimony

• John Adams plunged his popularity and lost his change at a second term but he kept the US neutral while it was still week

Federalist Witch Hunt

• federalists scorned the poor who were welcomed by the dem-reps

• alien laws- Federalists raised the residence requirements for aliens who wanted to become citizens from 5 to 14 years, a law that violated the traditional American policy of Open door hospitality and speedy assimilation

• another law let the president deport dangerous aliens during peacetime and jail them during times of war

• sedition Act- anyone who impeded policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment; it was aimed at newspaper editors

• act was passed by federalist majority in Congress and upheld in the court because of the majority of Federalists there too

• written to expire in 1801 to prevent the use of it against themselves

• Matthew Lyon was imprisoned for writing ill things of President John Adams

The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions

• resentful Jeffersonians would not take these laws lying down, and Jefferson feared that:

• federalists, having wiped out freedom of speech and of the press, might wipe out more

• he wrote a series of legislation that Kentucky approved in 1789-99, and friendly James Madison wrote another series of legislation that Virginia approved

• they stressed “compact Theory”- 13 states had entered into a contract regarding its jurisdiction, and the individual states were the final judges of the laws passed in Congress

• the states reserve the right to nullify those federal laws

• this is seen in 1832 regarding national tariff, 1850s regarding slavery

• this set out to kill Sedition and Alien Laws

• only two states adopted laws

• federalists argued that it was up to the supreme court to nullify legislation

who are the federalists

• most federalists were the old federalists from before the Constitution

• wanted a strong government ruled by the educated aristocrats, “the best people”

• most were merchants, manufacturers, and shippers along the Atlantic seaboard

• were mostly pro-British and recognized that foreign trade was key in the US

Who are the Dem- rep

• led by Thomas Jefferson- appealed to common people

• desired rule by informed classes and weaker central government that would preserve the sovereignty of the states

• pro-french

• Jefferson was rich and owned slaves but sympathized with the common people

• emphasized national debt to be paid off

• mostly agrarians

• insisted on no privileges for the upper class

• farming was noble

• Republican Agrarianism- kept people away from wickedness of cities, connected to local government, in the sun, and close to god

• advocated rule of the people

• slavery could help avoid class of landless voters by providing the necessary labor

• championed free speech