HUG 5.1-5.5

what crops are grown in tropical region?

what crops are grown in tropical region?

coffee, sugar, pineapple, banana, and other tropical fruits

what crops are grown in subtropical region?

rice, cotton, tobacco, citrus fruits, certain nuts

what crops are grown in dry region?

cattle, ranching, sheep, goats, horses, camel, drought resistant crops.

what crops are grown in mediterranean region?

grapes, olives, dates, wheat

what crops are grown in warm mid latitude region?

different vegetables, fruits and rice

what crops are grown in cold mid-latitude region?

wheat, barley, livestock, dairy cows

Intensive versus extensive agricultural practices

Intensive- less land but more capital and labor

• tropical regions

• plantation farming, mixed crop and livestock, market gardening

Extensive- more land but less capital and labor

• grown farther away from pop centers and have lower yield

• shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, ranching

what the 3 types of settlement patterns

clustered: little space between buildings, higher pop densities, more ppl interact = closer community

Dispersed: midwest communities, less daily interactions, but allows farms to utilize their farms more.

linear pattern: along a road/river/transportation method: allows people to get things in and out quickly

what are the three types of survey methods?

long lot: linear settlement patterns, divided into parcels, having access to major road

metes and bounds:

• metes are straight lines that connect different parts of a geographic area

• bounds are key geographic features

• measures, short distances, relies of key features

Township and Range: uses baseline

• township =N to S

• range= E to W

*east coast where colonists originally settled are marked by metes and bounds where as the rest of the country uses township and range with the exception of Texas. T+R= well organized and clear.

what is domestication?

the effort to grow plants and animals purposely making plants and animals adapt to human demands.

What are the 8 agricultural hearths and order they developed/discovered/used?

The fertile crescent (Indus valley): (tigris and Euphrates) 10,000 YA.

• barley, what olives, lentils, oats, rye (bread basket)

• sheep, goats, cattle, pig

South East Asia: 10,000 YA.

• sugarcane, taro, coconut, mango, bananas, grapefruit, rice, tea

East Asia : (wei-huang river valley) 9,500 YA

• rice, soybeans, walnuts

Sub-Saharan Africa: (west+east africa) 7000 YA

• coffee, cowpeas, millet, African rice, sorghum, yams

Meso America: central America, Andean highlands

• sweet potatoes, beans, maize, chile peppers, cotton, cassava, lima beans, potatoes, tomatoes

• llamas, alpacas,

what are independent inventions?

one trait/thing has multiple cultural hearts= idea developed separately without being influenced by other groups.

what are some commonalites between agricultural hearths?

• fertile soil in river valleys

• availability of water

• moderate climates

• collective societal structure- more food surplus= higher pop.

what are causes of agricultural diffusion (4)?

relocation diffusion:

• diffused to immediate surroundings through close contact and proximity between farmers. originated in fertile crescent then spread to turkey to E European.

Immigration+migration

• ppl migrate and bring food, ingredients, animals, seeds w/ them

• stimulus diffusion because some crops may not be as prosperous due to diff climates they may have to adjust

trade routes:

• silk road: thousands of miles of trade routes that connected various ppl , spread lots of agriculture through asia, middle east, africa, europe. (contagious diffusion)

columbian Exchange:

• exchange of goods+ideas btwn America, Africa, Europe

• spread of agriculture btwn new/old world (contagious diffusion)

What are modern causes of diffusion? (2)

Green Revolution:

• high yield varieties around the world. new varieties of plants replace traditional crops in places like India and Mexico.

Demand for meat

• increased due to increasing wealth across the world and diffusion of fast food chains

what was the first agricultural/ neolithic revolution?

• 12,000 to 10,000 YA, in fertile crescent

• diffused through trade routes and columbian exchange

• origin of farming,

• started domestication of plants and animals where previously societies had been nomadic hunters and gatherers= stable pop. to form, food surplus to be created, society to become more advanced

• simple hand tools, manual labor

• grow crops for own consumption, not for sale (subsistence farming)

What was the second agricultural revolution?

• 1750, Great Britain

• diffusion through britain into Europe and US

  causes

• industrial revolution: use of tech to increase production and distr. of goods (seed drill, cotton gin)

  • high yields lead to surplus to pop growth and longer life expectancy

  • more tech leads to less manual labor= decrease in # of farmers

• Enclosure movement: british gov allowed landowners to purchase and enclose land for own use (traditional public land was allowed for private purchase)

  • created commercial agriculture

  • fewer/larger farms lead to decrease in farm owners- improvements in famer techniques to decrease in agricultural laborers

  • urbanization- ex laborers led to mass migration into cities

  characteristics

• crop rotation, lead to increased crop yields/ experimentation in fertilization techniques

• transportation improvements: trains and steamboats allowed farmers to send products farther at lower cost

What was the Green Revolution?

1950s-1960s

research of MDC’s spread to developing countries in Latin A + Asia

causes

• massive pop. growth in developing regions

• norman Borlaug, researcher who traveled to mexico to improve agricultural and biotechnological techniques in order to feed growing pop.

characteristics

• development of higher yielding, disease resistant, fast growing varieties of grains, and hybrids and GMO’s

• double cropping- growing more than one crop per year

• increased use of fertilizers, pesticides/herbicides, irrigation techniques and machinery

positive results

• higher yields on same amount of cultivated land= surplus which sustained pop. growth allowing farmers to export more goods= more wealth=improvements in farming techniques=more crops

• self sufficiency in D’ing regions like Latin A, S Asia, E Asia, SE Asia

• lower food prices= increased access globally

Negatives:

environmental : chemical fertilizers/pesticides= runoff in local water systems= impact ecosystems, habitats, pollute water, poison life.

intensive practices like double cropping and aggressive irrigation= salinization and soil erosion

more machinery=fossil fuels=sound, air, water pollution

loss of biodiversity

Gender: D’ing women were in charge of faming labors=having less role

improvements in tech were communicated to male heads of households= women were excluded from learning of having power due to lack of social/ economic equality. furthered gender inequality.

poor success in africa

harsh and diverse environmental conditions, droughts an soil infertility

lack of infrastructure and reliable transportation networks

african crops were not included in genetic research

lack of gov investment to kick start the process.