earth and space sci

doppler effect

used to determine whether a star or galaxy is moving away or toward earth

blue shift

star/galaxy moving closer (towards earth )

blue shift key concepts

• Its light waves get compressed.

• This leads to shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies.

• The light shifts toward the blue end of the spectrum — called a blueshift.

red shift

star/galaxy is moving away from earth

red shift key concepts

• Their light waves stretch out.

• This causes lower frequencies and longer wavelengths.

• The light shifts toward the red end of the spectrum — called a redshift.

big bang theory

entire universe is expanding with distant galaxies spreading away from us;

everything in the cosmos started out as a single point in space and expanded in an instant

how old do scientists believe the earth is?

13.8 billion years ago

all galaxies are moving away from earth

due to the expansion of the universe

weathering

is the breakdown of rocks and sediment

Weathering = breaks rocks in place

Erosion

is the movement of rock and sediment

moves the broken pieces somewhere else

Abrasion

wind and water rounding out rocks

agents of weathering

water, wind, glaciers, gravity

given that The smaller the pieces of rock, the greater the surface area, and the faster the rock will weather.

The larger the pieces of rock, the smaller the surface area, and the slower the rock will weather

small particles will have a

big surface area

small surface area

will have big particles

more surface area =

more weathering rate

rocks lose mass and volume when experiencing abrasion because

• Abrasion is the process of scraping or wearing away of the sharp corners so the rocks become smooth and spherical (round)

• Wind basically sand-blasts the rocks to smooth out the rough edges

• Water, especially in fast rivers, rubs rocks together to smooth out the edges

as the hardness of the rock increases

weathering decreases

Infiltration

The process of water seeping down into the soil/ground

permeability

The ability of water to pass through materials

runoff

The act of water flowing across the surface

Retention

When water is held by the soil, not allowing it to flow downward.

porosity

Holes open space through which liquid passes

Deposition

When rocks/minerals/sediments are no longer transported

spatial

size

temporal

time

constructive processes

create

Destructive process

destroy