(2) Bloodborne Pathogens

1. Syphilis
2. Malaria
3. Zika
4. Babesiosis
5. Brucellosis
6. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
7. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I
8. Ebola Virus Disease

1. Syphilis
2. Malaria
3. Zika
4. Babesiosis
5. Brucellosis
6. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
7. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I
8. Ebola Virus Disease

What are the diseases caused by bloodborne pathogen?

Syphilis

An infection caused by Treponema pallidum

Treponema pallidum

Syphilis is an infection caused by _________.

• sexual contact (primary mode of dissemination)

• perinatal

What is the mode of transmission of syphilis?

• vaginal

• anal

• oral sex

• Especially if there is direct contact with syphilis sores usually in the genital area

Sexual contact in syphilis include:

• coils

• periplasmic flagella

What are the characteristic of Treponema pallidum of syphilis?

1. Primary stage
2. Secondary stage
3. Latent stage
4. Tertiary stage

What are the 4 stages of syphilis?

Primary Stage

Sore appears at the spot where the bacteria entered the body

Primary Stage

Chancre (sore / initial lesion) usually develops between 10 to 90 days after infection, with about 21 days being the average

Primary Stage

Chancre is usually painless, solitary lesson characterized by well-defined borders

Primary stage

Once contact has been made with a susceptible skin site, there will be thickening of endothelial cells that usually occurs with aggregation of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages.

Sore

In primary stage, ________appears at the spot where the bacteria entered the body

Chancre

__________ usually develops between 10 to 90 days after infection, with about 21 days being the average

10 to 90 days ; 21 days

In primary stage, chancre (sore / initial lesion) usually develops between _________ after infection, with about _______ being the average

painless

Chancre is usually ________ , solitary lesson characterized by well-defined borders

outside the penis ; vagina or on the cervix

In primary stage, it men usually occurs _________, but in women may appear in the ___________ and may go undetected

1-6 weeks

The primary stage usually lasts from _______during which time the lesion may heal spontaneously.

secondary stage

If initial chancre in primary stage is not treated, it may progress to _______ where systematic dissemination of the organism usually happens

systematic dissemination of the organism

If initial chancre in primary stage is not treated, it may progress to secondary stage where ________ usually happens

• generalized lymphadenopathy

• malaise

• fever

• pharyngitis

• rash on the skin

• mucous membranes (rash in palms and soles of the feet)

Symptoms of secondary stage:

• visual disturbances

• hearing loss

• tinnitus,

• facial weakness

What are the neurological signs in secondary stage that the patients may exhibit?

lesions

In secondary stage, _________ persist from a few days up to 8 weeks

spontaneous

In secondary stage, _________ healing occurs, as in the primary stage

Secondary stage

Patients may exhibit neurological signs such as visual disturbances, hearing loss, tinnitus, and facial weakness

Secondary stage

Lesions persist from a few days up to 8 weeks

Secondary stage

Spontaneous healing occurs, as in the primary stage

Latent stage

Without treatment, syphilis will remain in the body even if there are no signs or symptoms.

Latent stage

Follows the disappearance of the secondary syphilis

Latent stage

Characterized by a lack of clinical symptoms

noninfectious ; pregnant women

In latent stage, patients are _________ at this time, except for _______.

a. Early latent syphilis
b. Late latent syphilis

What are the two types of latent stage?

Early latent syphilis

___________-less than 1 year’s duration

Late latent syphilis

_________ -primary infection has occurred more than 1 year previously

Tertiary stage

The last and final stage of the Syphilis infection

Tertiary stage

•Appears anywhere from months to years after secondary infection if patient remains untreated

10 and 30 years

The tertiary stage most often between _____ and _______ following secondary stage

Tertiary stage

Occurs most often between 10 and 30 years following secondary stage

1. Gummas/Gummatous lesions
2. Cardiovascular disease
3. Neurosyphilis

What are three major manifestation of tertiary stage?

Gummas/Gummatous lesions

________ – localized areas of granulomatous inflammation that are most often found in bones, skin or subcutaneous tissue

lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and fibroblastic cells.

Gummatous lesions contain______, ______ and ______. They may heal spontaneously with scarring or they may remain destructive areas of chronic inflammation.

Cardiovascular disease

Complications involve the ascending aorta, and symptoms are due to destruction of elastic tissue

Cardiovascular disease

May result to aortic aneurysm, thickening of the valve, aortic regurgitation,and angina pectoris

aortic aneurysm, thickening of the heart valve, aortic regurgitation, and angina pectoris

Cardiovascular disease may result to ______, _______, ________ and ______.

Neurosyphilis

The complication most often associated with the tertiary stage

Neurosyphilis

Can actually occur anytime after the primary stage and can span all stages of the disease

Malaria

A life-threatening parasitic disease caused by infection with Plasmodium protozoa transmitted by an infective female Anopheles mosquito.

mosquito

In malaria, the ________ serves as a vector for the transmission of the parasite to humans.

Plasmodium protozoa ; Anopheles mosquito.

Malaria is a life-threatening parasitic disease caused by infection with __________ transmitted by an infective female ___________.

Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax

What pose a greatest threat in Malaria?

blood feeding insect host (Anopheles mosquito)

Life cycle of Plasmodium species involve development in a__________, which then injects parasites into the vertebrate host during a blood meal.

red blood cells

Parasites form Plasmodium grow within a vertebrate tissue, often the liver, before entering the bloodstream to infect the ______.

fever, headaches, and chills

First Symptoms of Malaria:

appear 10-15 days after the infective mosquito bite)

The first symptoms of Malaria may appear ______.

cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death

In severe cases of malaria, it can cause _______, ______ and _____.

recurrences

If malaria is not properly treated, people may have _______ of the disease months later.

Zika

Caused by a virus transmitted primarily by the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (A. aegypti or A. albopictus) which feed during the day.

Aedes species mosquito (A. aegypti or A. albopictus)

Zika is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by the bite of an infected __________ which feed during the day.

• rash

• fever

• conjunctivitis or pink eye

• muscle and joint pain

• malaise and headaches, usually lasting for 2-7 days.

Symptoms of Zika:

• mother to fetus during pregnancy

• sexual contact

• transfusion of blood

• blood products possibly through organ transplantation

Zika virus can also be transmitted from ________.

babies of infected mothers

Some of its severe manifestations of Zika are usually seen in _______, usually because Zika Virus can be transmitted during pregnancy it can result or cause microcephaly or other problems in the baby.

Microcephaly

________ is a birth defect where a baby's head is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the same sex and age.

Babesiosis

Caused by Babesia microti is transmitted by the bite of infected Ixodes scapularis ticks—typically, by the nymph stage of the tick, which is about the size of a poppy seed

Babesia microti ; Ixodes scapularis

Babesiosis is caused by ________ is transmitted by the bite of infected ____________ ticks—typically, by the nymph stage of the tick, which is about the size of a poppy seed

Babesia parasites

_______ infect and destroy red blood cells which results to hemolytic anemia leading to jaundice and dark urine

hemolytic anemia

Babesia parasites infect and destroy red blood cells which results to __________ leading to jaundice and dark urine

non-specific flu-like symptoms (e.g. fever, chills, headaches, nausea, fatigue, sweats, body aches, loss of appetite).

Many infected people of Babesiosis feel fine and have no symptoms; some develop ____________

do not have a spleen, have a weak immune system

Babesiosis can be a severe, life threatening disease especially for people who ____________, __________ because of other reasons like cancer, lymphoma, or AIDS, have other serious health conditions such as liver or kidney diseases, or they are elderly or very old.

Brucellosis

Zoonotic infection caused by the bacterial genus Brucella

Zoonotic infection

__________ caused by the bacterial genus Brucella

Brucella

Zoonotic infection caused by the bacterial genus _________.

Brucellosis

Transmitted from animals to humans by ingestion through infected food products, direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols.

unpasteurized milk

Infection of Brucellosis is usually a result of drinking ________ from the cow.

spontaneous abortion

When the Brucella infects an animal, this usually results in __________.

undulant fever or malta fever.

But if the Brucella infects humans, this usually leads to fever like_______.

• Mediterranean fever

• Malta fever

• gastric remittent fever

• undulantfever

What ae the other names for Brucellosis?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

A rare brain disorder that leads to dementia believed to be caused by a protein known as prions.

prions

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rare brain disorder that leads to dementia believed to be caused by a protein known as _______.

Prion

_______ refers to an abnormal pathogenic agent that is transmissible and is able to induce abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins known as prion proteins that are mostly abundant in our brain.

• transmission of the prion during invasive medical interventions

• exposed to infected human cadaveric derived pituitary hormones, dural and corneal grafts

• exposure to contaminated neurosurgical instruments.

What is the reason why person get Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

It belongs to a group of human and animal diseases known as prion disorders.

prion disorders

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a group of human and animal diseases known as ______.

prion disorders

It belongs to a group of human and animal diseases known as _________.

• personality changes

• memory loss

• impaired thinking

• blurry vision or blindness

• insomnia

• problems with coordination

• trouble speaking or swallowing

• sudden jerky movements

CJD is marked by changes in mental abilities including _______________________________.

• Sporadic CJD

• Hereditary CJD

• Acquired CJD

Types of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Sporadic CJD

- the disease appears even though the person has no known risk factors for the disease.

Sporadic CJD

This is by far the most common type of CJD and accounts for at least 85 percent of cases.

Hereditary CJD

- the person may have a family history of the disease and test positive for a genetic mutation associated with CJD

Acquired CJD

- the disease is transmitted by exposure to brain or nervous system tissue, usually through certain medical procedures

variant CJD (or vCJD)

A type of CJD called _________ can be acquired by eating meat from cattle affected by a disease similar to CJD called bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or, commonly, “mad cow” disease

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or “mad cow” disease

A type of CJD called variant CJD (or vCJD) can be acquired by eating meat from cattle affected by a disease similar to CJD called _________ or, commonly, _________.

Cannibalism

_______ has also been implicated as a transmission mechanism for abnormal prions, causing the disease known as Kuru.

Kuru

Cannibalism has also been implicated as a transmission mechanism for abnormal prions, causing the disease known as ________.

FORE people ; Papua New Guinea

Kuru was once found primarily among women and children of the ________ in _________.

have to eat the body of the deceased individual

FORE people in Papua New Guinea is a tribe where they have a tradition in which if people died in their tribe, they __________.

ate the less desirable part ; the brain

Mostly, women and children acquired CJD because most of the time, women and children ________ including _______ (that contains the prion protein).

not easily deactivated

Prions are _________ by means of routine surgical instrument sterilization procedures, they are not deactivated in the presence of alcohol or any disinfectant.

One way is to avoid using instruments used for patients with CJD. These instruments must be buried.

What is the way to avoid CJD?

sponge

When a person has CJD, the brain slowly shrinks and the tissues fill with holes until it resembles a ________.

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1

Occurs when a person is infected by the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 causing adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

Occurs when a person is infected by the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 causing ______.