AP Euro Unit 4 Test

Scientific Revolution Causes

Italian Renaissance: Increased emphasis on education due to the spread of humanism

Age of Exploration- leads to development of new technology

Medieval Science

Ptolemaic model and Epicycles

All motion in the heavens sis uniform, circular motion; a reflection of a perfect God

Geocentric theory - Earth is the center of the universe

Copernicus

Created the Heliocentric theory

Not much more accurate than ptolemaic model because it had circular orbits

Published: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543

Brahe

Sponsored by Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II

Proposed a modified Copernican system where Planets revolved around the sun which in turn moved around the stationary earth

Kepler

3 Laws of motion

Elliptical Orbits

Planets do not move at uniform speeds

Time it takes to orbit is related to distance from sun

Galileo

Experimental Method: Not just speculating but experimenting

Law of Inerta: a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force.

Supported Heliocentric theory

Wrote Starry Messenger

Tried and found guilty of Heresy during the Papal Inquisition for defending Copernicus

Newton

3 laws of motion

Law of Universal Gravitation - mutual attraction proportional to mass

Universe is governed by Natural Laws

Wrote Principa Naturalis (1687)

Bacon

Empiricism: Inductive Observation based (Scientific Method)

Opposed Scholasticism

Descartes

Deductive Reasoning: Doubt everything - even own existence

Cartesian Dualism: world is made up of two types of substances: Matter (Physical) and Mind (Spiritual)

Deism, Explain the watchmaker analogy

The belief in a supreme being, a creator who does not intervene in the universe

A design implies a designer (Humans were created so we need a creator)

Pascal

Attempts to reconcile science and faith

Opposed Dogmatism and Skepticism

Belief in God is a safer bet than unbelief

John Locke

Wrote: Two Treatisies of Civil Government (published after Glorious rev.)

Believed in a social contract: the right to overthrow an oppressive government

Natural Rights: life liberty and property

Hobbes

Wrote Leviathan (1655)

Type of government: Absolute monarchy

Influenced by his experiences in the English Civil War

Voltaire

Opposed: organized religion and the catholic Church

Wanted: religious toleration and freedom of speech

Type of government: constitutional monarchy

Rousseau

Government gets its power from consent of the governed

Emile: separate spheres for men and women

Evil in the world is due to unequal distribution of property

Democratic (democracy) type of government

Montesquieu

Wrote: The Spirit of the Laws

Wanted 3 branches of government: Legislative, executive and judicial

Type of government: constitutional monarchy and checks and balances

Adam Smith

Wrote The Wealth of Nations

Wanted to abolish trading limits, regulations and tariffs

Free market/Laissez faire

Invisible hand metaphor that describes unforeseen forces of self interest that impact the free market

Mary Wollstonecraft

Wrote: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

Defended equality of women with men based on human reason

David Hume

Wrote: Inquiry Into Human Nature (1748)

No empirical evidence that miracles exist

Fredrick the Great

Country: Prussia

Promotion through merit - work and education rather than birth

Religious toleration for every Christian, Muslim, and Jew

Legal Reforms: Abolished torture, Limited number of capital crimes

Joseph II

Country: Holy Roman Empire

Offered some Religious toleration

Economic and Agrarian Reform:

• improved transportation and trade

• Abolished serfdom

• Attempted land tax reforms

Catherine the Great

Country: Russia

Corresponded with enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire and Diderot

Emphasized: education especially for girls

Economic growth expanded the middle class

Was not able to emancipate the serfs

Population Growth

Population increased and mortality rates decreased

Thomas Malthus wrote: An Essay on the Principle of Population

As population increased food supply would be limited

Wanted restrictions on population growth

Agricultural Revolution

Land Reclamation: changing land to make suitable for farming

Crop Rotation- growing different crops on rotation to avoid nutrient depletions

Enclosure movement and Open field system

New crops from Columbian Exchange

New farming technology

Improvements in health

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Variolation - inoculation procedure of infecting someone with live smallpox virus

Edward Jenner: invented safer vaccine with cowpox

Marriage and Children

Late marriage age - puts a check on population growth

Rise in illegitimate births

Hospitals cared for unwanted children

Increased sanitation led to lower infant mortality rates

Children were previously seen as small adults

Now they are seen as innocent developmental stage

Literacy rates increased

Urbanization

Caused by agricultural revolution

Problem with cities: overcrowded, dirty, noisy, higher mortality rates

Economic Philosophies

Physiocrats favored Mercantilist policies and free trade

Name a Physiocrat: Francois Quesnay

Adam Smith writes: Wealth of nations

Invisible hand: Unseen forces that move the eonomy

Dutch Golden Age

Focus: Everyday life

Artist: Rembrandt and Vermeer

Baroque Music

Cantantas vocal instrumental pieces (Bach)

Handel wrote operas

Baroque Style Architecture

Palace of Versailles, St. Peters Basilica

Baroque Art

Glorification of church and art, richness, drama, dynamism, movement…

Techniques: Grandeur, richness dramas

Bernini: Baroque style statues

Caravaggio: Baroque style painter

Rococo

Opposition to: Baroque art

Art is lighter and less formal than Baroque

Increased focus on nobles and portrays aristocratic leisure time

Famous Artist and work: Boucher - Madame de Popadour

Describe Rococo Movement Literature Satire - looked at the lack of morality and issues especially in Urban areas

Neoclassicism

Values reason and order - inspired by ancient greece/rome

Jawues-Louis David - Inspired by french rev

Architecture: Pantheon in Paris

Music: Mozart

Literature: Jane Austen - Pride and Prejudice