PHCP322 LEC FINALS INFECTIOUS DISEASES - FLU

Influenza Type A

Type of Influenza s known to cause pandemics

1. Hemagglutinin

2. Neuraminidase

Influenza Type A is characterized by:

Influenza Type B

generally change more slowly in terms of their genetic and antigenic properties than influenza A viruses

1. Victoria

2. Yamagata

Influenza Type B is characterized by:

Influenza Type C

generally cause mild illness and are not thought to cause human flu epidemics

Influenza Type D

primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people

Neuraminidase

Responsible for cutting off newly form viral particle

Hemagglutinin

Spike protein that attaches to the cell for entrance

Antigenic Drift

point mutations in certain error-prone regions in the genes. These mutations are ongoing and are responsible for the ability of the virus to evade annually acquired immunity in humans

Antigenic Shift

This happens when two kinds of influenza virus infect the same cell and share their genes to make a new version of influenza

Pneumonia

One of the most serious complications of Influenza, and can be deadly

1918 HIN1 influenza pandemic

Spanish Flu

1957 H2N2 influenza pandemic

Asian Flu

1968 H3N2 influenza pandemic

Hong Kong Flu

2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic

Swine Flu

2014 H5N1 influenza pandemic

Bird flu

1. RT-PCR

2. Rapid Test

3. Non-specific Laboratory Tests (CBC, X-ray)

Laboratory tests for Flu:

1. Oseltamivir

2. Zanamavir

Analogs of sialic acid, interfere with release of progeny influenza A and B virus from infected host cells, thus halting the spread of infection within the respiratory tract.

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, & Peramivir Pharmacological class

Oseltamivir carboxylate

Oseltamivir active metabolite

Zanamivir

Neuraminidase inhibitor drug that is administered directly to the respiratory tract via inhalation

Peramivir

cyclopentane analog, active against both influenza A and B viruses. Approved for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in adults

Single 600 mg IV

Approved dose of Peramivir

1. Increased risk of hallucinations

2. Delirium

3. Abnormal Behavior

Peramivir ADRs:

1. Laninamivir octanoate

2. IV formulation of zanamivir

3. DAS181

Investigational Drugs for flu:

Laninamivir octanoate

long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor

IV formulation of zanamivir

This is being evaluated in clinical trials and is available for compassionate use from the manufacturer

DAS181

host-directed antiviral agent with activity against influenza and parainfluenza that acts by removing the virus receptor, sialic acid, from adjacent glycan structures.

Quadrivalent vaccine

Vaccine that protects people from two types of A influenza and two types of type B influenza.

Fluarix Tetra (GSK plc / GlaxoSmithKline plc)

Quadrivalent vaccine Brand name and Manufacturer

Jet Injector

Vaccine given to people ages 18 to 64.

Afluria (Pharmajet)

Jet Injector Brand name and Manufacturer

High-dose vaccine

This type of flu vaccine available in the Philippines is given to people over 65 years old, and its dose is four times more potent than the regular vaccine.

Fluzone high-dose quadrivalent (Sanofi)

High-dose vaccine Brand name and Manufacturer

Adjuvanted vaccine

This provides great protection from the flu for people 65 years old and up

Fluad (Novartis)

Adjuvanted vaccine Brand name and Manufacturer

Cell-based vaccine

This vaccine is made using dead viruses grown in the cells of mammals

Flucelvax (Sequris)

Cell-based vaccine Brand name and Manufacturer

Recombinant vaccine

This virus needed for the vaccine is 'grown' through a technical process, and not in eggs.

Flublok Quadrivalent (Protein Science)

Recombinant vaccine Brand name and Manufacturer

Intranasal Vaccine

Live, attenuated, Administered intranasally, indicated for active immunization to prevent influenza A and B

FluMiist (Medimmune)

Intranasal vaccine brand name & manufacturer

Uricosuric Agent

Agents that inhibit the tubular secretion of the active metabolite of oseltamivir may be used as adjunctive therapy with this antiviral drug.

Probenecid

Inhibits tubular secretion of the active metabolite of oseltamivir, reducing its clearance by approximately 50% and approximately doubling systemic exposure to oseltamivir.