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Memory is best defined as
a. the conscious encoding of information
b. stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded
c. the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information
d. the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded
e. recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex
c. the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information
Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?
a. echoic memory
b. short-term memory
c. long-term memory
d. iconic memory
e. proactive memory
c. long-term memory
Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called __________ memory.
a. short-term
b. implicit
c. mood-congruent
d. explicit
e. automatic
a. short-term
A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in __________ memory.
a. iconic
b. implicit
c. echoic
d. long-term
e. short-term
d. long-term
To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as __________ memory.
a. iconic
b. working
c. flashbulb
d. implicit
e. repressed
b. working
Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as
a. recall
b. long-term potentiation
c. automatic processing
d. state-dependent processing
e. chunking
c. automatic processing
The effortful processing of information
a. typically interferes with the capacity to think creatively
b. cannot easily be suppressed and inhibited
c. can become automatic through practice
d. occurs less frequently
e. takes place in the cerebellum
c. can become automatic through practice
Iconic memory refers to
a. the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory
b. photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second
c. the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of events
d. the visually encoded images in long-term memory
e. important events often encoded through flashbulb memory
b. photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second
By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have __________ memory.
a. echoic
b. flashbulb
c. state-dependent
d. iconic
e. implicit
d. iconic
The magical number seven, plus or minus two refers to the storage capacity of __________ memory.
a. short-term
b. explicit
c. flashbulb
d. implicit
e. sensory
a. short-term
Students who restudy course material at the end of a semester in order to pass the AP final exam are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates the value of
a. implicit memory
b. the serial position effect
c. long-term potentiation
d. the spacing effect
e. chunking
d. the spacing effect
Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word make effective use of
a. flashbulb memory
b. visual imagery
c. state-dependent memory
d. the serial position effect
e. implicit memory
b. visual imagery
By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of
a. implicit memory
b. the serial position effect
c. hierarchical organization
d. the spacing effect
e. parallel processing
c. hierarchical organization
Deep processing is most closely associated with the concept of
a. semantic encoding
b. the recency effect
c. the primacy effect
d. the spacing effect
e. the testing effect
a. semantic encoding
Semantic encoding refers to the processing of
a. sounds
b. meanings
c. visual images
d. unfamiliar units
e. touch sensations
b. meanings
Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of
a. iconic memory
b. semantic encoding
c. the spacing effect
d. the peg-word system
e. long-term potentiation
b. semantic encoding
Explicit memory is to __________ as implicit memory is to __________.
a. epinephrine; serotonin
b skill memory; fact memory
c. automatic processing; effortful processing
d. long-term memory; short-term memory
e. hippocampus; cerebellum
e. hippocampus; cerebellum
Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates __________ memory.
a. semantic
b. explicit
c. flashbulb
d. implicit
e. sensory
d. implicit
Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called
a. sensory memories
b. flashbulb memories
c. mood-congruent memories
d. repressed memories
e. semantic memories
b. flashbulb memories
The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is know as
a. chunking
b. the serial position effect
c. automatic processing
d. long-term potentiation
e. proactive interference
d. long-term potentiation
When an eyewitness to an auto accident is askeed to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?
a. reconstruction
b. recognition
c. rehearsal
d. recall
e. relearning
d. recall
The day after Kirsten was introduced to 13 people at a business luncheon, she could recall the names of only the first 4 people to whom she had been introduced. Her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the impact of
a. automatic processing
b. parallel processing
c. rehearsal
d. flashbulb memory
e. the serial position effect
e. the serial position effect
The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called
a. chunking
b. automatic processing
c. repression
d. priming
e. state-dependent memory
d. priming
The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of
a. the serial position effect
b. echoic memory
c. the spacing effect
d. retrieval cues
e. implicit memory
d. retrieval cues
After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates
a. the spacing effect
b. proactive interference
c. the serial position effect
d. motivated forgetting
e. state-dependent memory
e. state-dependent memory
The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to
a. the self-reference effect
b. retroactive interference
c. repression
d. source amnesia
e. mood-congruent memory
e. mood-congruent memory
Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of
a. storage decay
b. proactive interference
c. encoding failure
d. retroactive interference
e. source amnesia
c. encoding failure
Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change?
a. I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years
b. Memory loss will occur slowly, so I should be able to remember most psychological concepts for many years
c. Retroactive interference will hinder my ability to recall psychological concepts as new information blocks my recall
d. Over time the misinformation effect will increase the likelihood that I will forget the psychological concepts that I have learned
e. I will forget psychological concepts soon after learning them, unless priming occurs
a. I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years
The fact that older people are often less able than younger adults to recall recently learned information can be best explained in terms of the greater difficulty older people have with
a. automatic processing
b. iconic memory
c. state-dependent memory
d. retrieval
e. implicit memory
d. retrieval
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called
a. state-dependent memory
b. retroactive interference
c. the serial position effect
d. the spacing effect
e. proactive interference
e. proactive interference
After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the 8th organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates
a. transience
b. retroactive interference
c. the spacing effect
d. proactive interference
e. source amnesia
b. retroactive interference
Two people learned nonsense syllables and then tried to recall them after up to eight hours had elapsed. John Jenkins and Karl Dallenbach observed that forgetting occurred least rapidly when the individuals spent their time
a. physically exercising
b. playing a card game
c. watching television
d. sleeping
e. chunking
d. sleeping
Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates
a. the spacing effect
b. retroactive interference
c. source amnesia
d. proactive interference
e. the serial position effect
b. retroactive interference
Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates
a. source amnesia
b. proactive interference
c. the serial position effect
d. motivated forgetting
e. priming
d. motivated forgetting
Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves
a. source amnesia
b. retroactive interference
c. memory decay
d. repression
e. long-term potentiation
d. repression
As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates
a. implicit memory
b. proactive interference
c. the spacing effect
d. memory construction
e. serial position effect
d. memory construction
After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of
a. proactive interference
b. the serial position effect
c. state-dependent memory
d. the self-reference effect
e. the misinformation effect
e. the misinformation effect
Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to
a. the serial position effect
b. proactive interference
c. imagination inflation
d. mood-congruent memory
e. parallel processing
c. imagination inflation
After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of
a. proactive interference
b. mood-congruent memory
c. the self-reference effect
d. implicit memory
e. source amnesia
e. source amnesia
Research on memory construction indicates that
a. recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more distant past
b. false memories often feel as real as true memories
c. hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory retrieval
d. it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened
e. true memories are created by long-term potentiation, and false memories are encoded in the cerebellum
b. false memories often feel as real as true memories
Compared with adults, children are more susceptible to
a. long-term potentiation
b. automatic processing
c. the misinformation effect
d. proactive interference
e. the self-reference effect
c. the misinformation effect
Mrs. Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Memory experts are most likely to doubt the reliability of her memory due to their awareness of:
a. implicit memory.
b. the self-reference effect.
c. long-term potentiation.
d. infantile amnesia.
e. the spacing effect.
d. infantile amnesia.
Studying psychological concepts while riding the bus, walking to lunch, and waiting for class to begin will improve your memory of the concepts by taking advantage of
a. chunking
b. the self-reference effect
c. priming
d. the serial position effect
e. the spacing effect
e. the spacing effect
When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)
a. mental set
b. heuristic
c. concept
d. algorithm
e. phoneme
c. concept
A best example of a category of objects, events, or people is called a(n):
a. algorithm
b. concept
c. prototype
d. model
e. heuristic
c. prototype
Which of the following best exemplifies the prototype for the concept "furniture"
a. rug
b. television
c. lamp
d. bench
e. chair
e. chair
Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely on
a. divergent thinking
b. framing
c. convergent thinking
d. belief perseverance
e. the availability heuristic
a. divergent thinking
An algorithm is a
a. simple thinking strategy for making decisions quickly and efficiently
b. method of hypothesis
c. best example of a particular category
d. methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems
e. specific kind of prototype
d. methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems
Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:
a. belief perseverance
b. an algorithm
c. the representative heuristic
d. the availability heuristic
e. fixation
b. an algorithm
The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to
a. save time in arriving at solutions to problems
b. yield more accurate solutions to problems
c. minimize the overconfidence phenomenon
d. involve greater reliance on language skills
e. avoid the issue of fixation
a. save time in arriving at solutions to problems
After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates
a. the belief perseverance phenomenon
b. the availability heuristic
c. insight
d. a mental set
e. the framing effect
c. insight
In one experiment, Wolfgang Kohler watched an ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiliing by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Whihc of the following did Kohler conclude the ape used in problem solving?
a. heuristic
b. trial and error
c. algorithms
d. framing
e. insight
e. insight
People have a tendency to search for information that supports their preconceptions. What do psychologists call this tendency?
a. algorithm
b. prototype
c. confirmation bias
d. intuition
e. linguistic determinism
c. confirmation bias
Business managers are more likely to track the career achievements of those they once hired than the accomplishments of those they once rejected. This best illustrates
a. the representativeness heuristic
b. fixation
c. the framing effect
d. confirmation bias
e. belief bias
d. confirmation bias
In elementary school and high school, Charlie got away with copying his test answers from his classmates. Because the college has test proctors who are very observant, Charlie spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Charlie's strategy for passing tests illustrates the consequences of
a. concepts
b. a mental set
c. confirmation bias
d. the availability heuristic
e. the framing effect
b. a mental set
The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to
a. judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype
b. judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered
c. search for information that is consistent with our perceptions
d. cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited
e. underestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
a. judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype
The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of
a. the availability heuristic
b. confirmation bias
c. the framing effect
d. belief perseverance
e. the representativeness heuristic
e. the representativeness heuristic
Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called
a. framing effect
b. belief perseverance phenomenon
c. confirmation bias
d. representativeness heuristic
e. availability heuristic
e. availability heuristic
By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by winds from a hurricane, insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners' policies. They are most clearly exploiting the influence of
a. belief perseverance
b. the representativeness heuristic
c. overconfidence
d. the availability heuristic
e. fixation
d. the availability heuristic
Although Steve was certain that he answered between 70 and 80 items correctly on his biology test, he actually was right on only 55 items. Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates
a. the representativeness heuristic
b. confirmation bias
c. the belief perseverance phenomenon
d. the framing effect
e. overconfidence
e. overconfidence
People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates:
a. the framing effect
b. fixation
c. the representativeness heuristic
d. belief perseverance
e. the availability heuristic
d. belief perseverance
Which of the following is the best example of framing?
a. Despite reading several research studies demonstrating that therapeutic touch is no more effective than a placebo in treating pain, Miriam still considers it a valid treatment option
b. Zach felt very certain that he knew all the concepts in Chapter 2, so he was surprised to get 65% on the exam
c. A television advertisement for lotion claims it is made of 75% organic materials, not that it contains 25% artificial ingredients
d. Tara incorrectly believes that more Americans are killed each year by tornadoes than by lightning
e. Alex was locked out of his car. He didn't think to use a coat hanger to unlock the door before calling the police
c. A television advertisement for lotion claims it is made of 75% organic materials, not that it contains 25% artificial ingredients
In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called
a. mental sets
b. phonemes
c. algorithms
d. intuitions
e. heuristics
d. intuitions
The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a "t" and an "n" produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different
a. morphemes
b. prototypes
c. phonemes
d. semantics
e. algorithms
c. phonemes
Morphemes are
a. the smallest speech units that carry meaning
b. the best examples of particular categories of objects
c. the smallest distinctive sound units of a language
d. rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences
e. genetic road maps that lead to insight
a. the smallest speech units that carry meaning
In the words "helped" and "called," the "ed" ending is a(n)
a. prototype
b. morpheme
c. heuristic
d. algorithm
e. syntax
b. morpheme
The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others is called
a. an algorithm
b. telegraphic speech
c. grammar
d. a heuristic
e. morphemes
c. grammar
To combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, we need to apply proper rules of
a. semantics
b. syntax
c. nomenclature
d. phonics
e. phonemes
b. syntax
The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of
a. syntax
b. semantics
c. morphemes
d. prototypes
e. linguistic determinism
b. semantics
The earliest stage of speech development is called the ________ stage.
a. babbling
b. telegraphic speech
c. one-word
d. grammatical
e. semantic
a. babbling
It is difficult to explain language acquisition solely in terms of imitation and reinforcement because children
a. acquire language even in the absence of social interaction
b. resent being corrected for grammatical mistakes
c. generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard before
d. employ telegraphic speech patterns before their second birthday
e. respond so positively to rewards for language use
c. generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard before
Noam Chomsky argues that children's readiness to learn language is a(n)
a. algorithm
b. heuristic
c. universal grammar
d. biological predisposition
e. example of operant conditioning
d. biological predisposition
Those who learn sign language as teens never become as fluent as children exposed to sign language from birth. This best illustrates the importance of ________ for mastering language.
a. heuristics
b. telegraphic speech
c. a critical period
d. reinforcement
e. syntax
c. a critical period
Which of the following was cited by Whorf as evidence in support of the linguistic determinism hypothesis?
a. The generic pronoun "he" is just as likely to trigger images of women as of men
b. People with no words for colors can still perceive color differences
c. The Hopi cannot readily think about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs
d. Children born deaf learnt o use signs and gestures to communicate within the Deaf community
e. Adjectives typically follow a noun but come before a verb in most languages
c. The Hopi cannot readily think about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs
Which of the following best illustrates psychology's current understanding of the relationship between thinking and language?
a. language detirmines the way we think
b. though and language are unrelated
c. all thinking must be language-based
d. Cognition and language are processed in the occipital lobe
e. Thinking affects language, which then affects our thoughts
e. Thinking affects language, which then affects our thoughts
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