AP HUG 5.1

Intensive Agriculture

• Uses a lot of labor, fertilizers, equipment, or irrigation

• Aims to produce large yields on small plots of land

• Often close to cities or in high-density areas

Market Gardening (aka commercial gardening/fruit farming)

• Grows perishable produce near markets (e.g., strawberries, lettuce)

• Requires fast transport

Plantation Agriculture

• Large-scale monoculture of cash crops in tropical climates

• Common crops: coffee, cocoa, bananas, sugarcane

• Often export-oriented and labor-intensive

Mixed Crop/Livestock Farming

• Crops and animals raised together

• Crops feed animals → animals provide manure and products

• Common in U.S. Midwest, parts of Europe

Extensive agriculture

Large land. Less input per acre. Common where land is abundant and people are fewer.

Shifting Cultivation (Slash and Burn)

• Used mainly in tropical rainforests

• Clear small area, farm a few years, then move and let soil recover

• Sustainable in small populations, unsustainable at large scale

Nomadic Herding (aka pastoral nomadism)

• Moving livestock seasonally in search of water and pasture

• Found in dry or cold areas (e.g., Sahara, Mongolia)

• Livestock = wealth and survival

Ranching

• Commercial grazing of animals (cattle, sheep) on vast open land

• Common in U.S. West, Argentina, Australia

• Usually fenced and run for meat production

Subsistence Farming

• Grows just enough food for family/community

• Traditional techniques, limited machinery or trade

Extensive Animal Husbandry

• Raising livestock on large plots, with limited feeding or care

• Let animals graze on natural pasture

Intensive farming is more likely:

• Near population centers

• In fertile regions with high land value

• Where inputs like irrigation or fertilizers are available

Extensive farming is more likely:

• In sparsely populated, less fertile, or remote areas

• Where land is cheap and machinery (like tractors) can be used over large spaces

Economic Factors Agriculture

Land, labor and machinery

Plantation agriculture products → moved to

Coffee, sugarcane, cacao, banana → developed areas

Mixed Crop/Livestock farming Products

crops(corn,soybeans) → cattle/pigs → slaughter/meat packing plants

Market Gardening Products

Grapes, lettuce, potatoes, (usually migrant labor)