The Digestive system

Substrate concentration

The more substrate the greater the enzyme activity. All sites are full and working to their full capacity.

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Hormone relased by the duodenum in response to lipids. Stimuleates the release of Bile from the liver and its secreation from the gallbladder

How Many amino sequences does the human body have?

20 but 9 are inherited by diet

nucleic acids

Make up our DNA. And function in growth and devlopment

Gastrin

Relased by the stomach in response to protein and stretching and secreates Hydrochloric acid and Pepsingen that is converted into pepsin

Secretin

A hormone relasesd by the duodemum in response to acids. Stimulates the release of pancratic sectreations

The Liver

Large Organ beside the stomach that prodcues secrations that aid in the digestion of fats and also break down alchool, old hemogloblin, ammonia and produces certain blood proteins, stores glycogen and vitamens

Erepsin

An enzyme secreted from the lining of the duodneum that digests smaller polypeptides into amino acids

Gallbladder

Small sac loacted beneath the liver that stores and releases bile when needed in fat digestion

The rectum

The final portion of the digestive tract that serves to store feces until a bowel movement occurs

The Appendix

Small organ located beside the colon and helps the immune system mainatain healthy gut bacteria

Fats

saturated fats that are harder to break down due to being single bonds and fatty acid chains

Oils

unsaturated fats. Easy to breakdown due to double and triple bonds in fatty acid chains

Vitamen E

Fat soluable, immunne system and flushes toxins

Trypsinogen

secreated from the pancreas into the small intestine and breaks down small polypeptides into smaller polypeptides

Absrobption into lacteal

Glycerol and Fatty acids are absorbed into the lacteal system via passive transport

canker sore

Shallow painful ulcer that appear on the inside of the inside of the mouth due to stress, injury, and excessive acid foods

Bicarbonate

produced by the pancreas in response to acid neutralizing the acidic contensts

The sepuences of amino acids

Joined by peptide bonds. Proteins are also known as polypeptides and formed by dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

The Small intestine

Longest portion of the tract and is split into three sections (Duodemun, Jejeum and the ileum) major site of nutrient digestion and absroption that contains villi on the lining (small finger like projections that absorb nutrients

Lipids

The bodies second source of energy. composed of glycerol and fatty acids and fuction as energy storage and cushion as well as insulation

Triglycerides

composed of glyercol and fatty acids. Formed by dehydration synthesis

Testing for sugars

Benedict's test- test for the presence of monosaccrides

Iodine Test- test for the presence of polysaccdrides and starches

Testing for lipids

Paper bag test- oil residue indicates the presene of a lipid

Sudan IV test- Dye distributes indicating a lipid is present

Disacrides

two simple sugar units bonded together

Carbs

Body's main source of energy

composed of repeating units of glucose hexagonal shape

The distinguishing properties of Carbohydrates

Compsoed of fixed ratios oxyegen, carbon and hydrogen. fructose, galatose, and gluctose

Hydrolysis

The adding of water to create small molecules

Polysaccrides

Many simple sugar units bonded together

Dehydration Syntheis

The removing of water molecules to create large molecules

Testing for proteins

Biuret test- testing for the presence of peptide bonds

Physical and chemical digestion

increases surface area by breaking food into smaller pieces by the motion of chewing

enzymes break down the bonds in food

The Stomach

Large J shaped structure that stores and churns food. secreates multiple substances that intate protein bacteria kill bacteria and protect the stomach lining

Protein levels of strcuture

Primary- amino acid sequence

Secondary- Hydrorgn bonds between sequcnes create alpha helics and beta sheets

Tertairy- Attractions between beta sheets and alpha helics

Quatenary- Attractions among mutiple subunits

Proteins

The body's third source of energy.

composed of long chains of amino acids called polypeptides

fuction as cell membrane for transport system, cell organelle essentials, immune system components (anitgens and antibodies), digestive enzymes.

RNA

ribonucleic acid

The salivary gland

Gland that secreates salvia into the mouth. Salvia- moisten and lubricates food and begin carb digestion

The Esophagus

A long musclaur tube that transports the bolus from the phraynx to the stomach contracting the bolus forward (peristalisis)

Protein denaturing

Bonds within the protein structure are disrupted of broken can be caused by heat, PH, raditaion. protein experience an immediate change as a result

Temperature

Differnet enzymes have differnet temperature ranges at which they perform best. Denaturing happens when enzymes are out of their temperature range

Pancratic Amalyase

Secreated from the lining of the pancreas and breaks down small polysaccrides into disacrides

Beriberi

Vitamen B deficency

Anabolic Pathways

Pathways that create large molcules and require ATP energy (photosynthesis)

induced fit model of enzymes

The active sight is slightly altered to fit the substrate

Catabolic Pathways

Pathways that breakdown large molecules do not require ATP energy (celluar respiration)

Catalyst

Something that helps a reaction occur but is not used up as a result

Competitive Inhibition

interferes with the active site of the enzyme not allowing the substrate to bind.

The Large Intestine

Also known as the colon, serves to reabsorb water from food remants and houses bacteria that aid in water absrobption

The Lock and Key Method

The active site is specifally desinged for the subsrate

non-competive inhibition

changes shape of enzyme so substrate can not bind.

The Pancreas

The organ beneath the stomach that produces muliple secreations that aid in digestion.

Pancreatic Amalayse, Trypsinogen, Pancratic Lipase, Nuclease, Insulin

Gastic Banding

A surgery that bypasses the majority of the stomach by using an adjustable band

Gastic Bypass

A surgery that bypasses the majoirty of the stomachs structure making it appear smaller

Monosaccrides

Simple, Single, Sugar Unit

Bile

produed in the liver and stored in the gallblader secreated in the duodenum of the small intestine to turn large fat droplets into small fat droplets in the means of emulsification .

Cholorea

An infection of the small intestine that leads to vommiting, muscle cramps and can be fatal due to electrolyte imbalance which us due to drinking contaimated water

Blood vessels absorbption

monosaccrides, amino acids, and nucleotides are absobed by active trasnport.

Disacridase

An enzyme secreated by the lining of the duodenum that breaks down Disacrdies into Monosacrides

Nucleotide absorbption

Nucleic Acids -> Nuclease -> Nucleotides

hydrochloric acid

A secreation in the stomach when it comes in contact with pepsingoen it activates into pepsin which denatures protein and kills bacteria

Salivary amalyse

Produced by the saliavry glands and secreated into the mouth that breaks down large polysaccrides into small polysaccrides and discarides.

Vitamen A

Vision, reproductuon, bone health, immune system, skin

Vitamen D

Strengthens bones, calcium absorbption, Immune system.

Waxes

Long chains of fatty acids attachted to alchool with ringed carbon. serve as a waterproof coating

Stomach Mucous

Protects the stomach lining from acidic enzymes

Colon Cancer

Cells lining the colon become cancerous and begin dividing uncontrolably

Hemroids

Swollen veins or groups of swollen veins in the region of the anus

HDL

good cholesterol carries excess cholorrstral in the blood back to the liver to be broken down

Control of Peristalsis

secreted in resposne to fatty meals and serves to slow peristalisis throughout the digestive tract and ensures high yield of absrobption

Cold Sores

sores anywhere in the body casued by the virus herpes and once you contract it you are stuck with it for life and can be passed on to any human being within two days.

Gallstones

Hard crystalized stones deposits formed in the gallbladder

Hydrophillic

The water loving tail of the cell membrane

LDL

The bad cholresteral. Trassnsports cholresteral to the cells of the body through arteries but too much can clog arteries

Hydrophobic

Water hating head of the cell membrane

Night blindness

Vitamen A deficency

Pepsinogen

Located in the stomach. An enzyme that when it comes into contact with HCL converts pepsingen into pepsin and breaks down large polypeptides into small polypeptides

Teeth and Tongue

Teeth- tear and grind food into smaller pieces

Tongue- roll food into a bolos for easier swallowing

The Pharynx

The Back of throat- shared passageway between digestive and respirtory

PH

Differnet enzymes have different PH ranges at which they perform best. Denaturing occurs when enzymes are out of their PH range

Strep Throat

Inflamation of the throat and tonsils due to a bacterial infection of streptocal bacteria

Acid Reflex

Regurgitation of gastirc juice into the esophugus casuing a burning sensation

Inflamatory Bowel Disease

A disorder characterized by the inflamation of the intestinal tract- diarreha, bloody stool, abdominal pain

Monosaccride absorbption

used immideatly as energy, stored in the liver as glycogen, converted to and stored as fat.

Phospholipids

Lipids with a phosphate attached to the glycerol

Scurvy

Vitamen C deficney

Protein DIgestion

Large Polypeptides-> pepsin-> small polypeptides-> tryspisn-> smaller polypeptdies-> Amino acids

Lipid Digestion

Large Fat Droplets-> Bile (emulsifciation)-> small fat droplets-> pancreatic Lipase-> glycerol and fatty acids

Rickets

Vitamen D Deficeny

Carbohydrate Absorobption

Large Polysaccrides-> Salivary Amalyase-> Small Polysacrides+ Disacrides-> Pancreatic Amalasye-> Discardies-> Disacridase-> Monosaccrides

Ulcers

Painful sores on the lining of the stomach due to exposure of acid due to helicobactor pylori, extensive use of aspirn, excessive acid production

Cofactors and coenzymes

cofactors are non-protein helpers which some enzymes need in order to carry out their role. Fe, Zn, K

Apoenzyme- the inactive protein that completes the reaction (activator)

Amino acid aborbption

used to make bodily proteins, converted to carbohydrates and broken down into urea.

Vitamen K

Blood Clotting, bone health

Nuclease

Secreated from the Pancreaeas and breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides

Diarreha

watery stool that is ussally due to a bacterial imbalacne in the large intestine

Lactose Intolerant

An individual who is not able to produce a disacridase known as lactose which digess lactose