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Hematopoiesis is also known as?
Hemopoiesis
This is the process of blood cell production, differentiation, and development
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis occurs in the?
Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
This suggests that each of the blood cell lineages is derived from its own unique stem cell
Polyphyletic Theory
This suggests that all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell (pluripotential stem cell system)
Monophylectic Theory
This is the most widely accepted theory among experimental hematologist
Monophylectic Theory
This is the foundation of the adult hematopoietic system
Hematopoietic Stem Cell
TRUE OR FALSE. Hematopoietic stem cell self-renews
TRUE
Hematopoietic Stem cell gives rise to different what?
Progeny
What are the types of Human Stem Cells?
Totipotential Stem Cells, Pluripotential Stem Cells, Multipotential Stem Cells
This is the most versatile type of stem cells
Totipotential Stem Cells
This is present few hours after ovum is fertilized
Totipotential Stem Cells
This is present several days after fertilization
Pluripotential Stem Cells
This is derived from pluripotential stem cell
Multipotential Stem Cells
Which of the human stem cell is limited to specific types of cell to form tissues
Multipotential Stem Cells
3 Phases of Hematopoiesis
Mesoblastic phase (Yolk-sac Phase), Hepatic phase, Medullary (Myeloid) phase
The start of mesoblastic phase
19th day after fertilization
End of Mesoblastic phase
2nd to 3rd month after fertilization
Site of mesoblastic phase
Yolk-sac, intravascularly
Product of Mesoblastic phase
Primitive erythroblasts
Globin Chains of Gower I in Mesoblastic phase
2 Epsilon; 2 Zeta
Globin Chains of Gower II in Mesoblastic phase
2 Epsilon; 2 Alpha
Globin Chains of Portland in Mesoblastic phase
2 Zeta; 2 Gamma
The start of hepatic phase
4 to 5 weeks after fertilization
The peak of hepatic phase
3rd month
Which of the phases remains active 1-2 weeks after birth
Hepatic phase
The primary site of Hepatic phase
Liver
The Secondary site of hepatic phase
Thymus, spleen, kidneys
The product of hepatic phase
RBC, and some other blood cells
Globin chains of Hemoglobin F in Hepatic phase
2 alpha; 2 gamma
Globin chains of Hemoglobin A1 in Hepatic phase
2 alpha; 2 beta
Globin chains of Hemoglobin A2 in Hepatic phase
2 alpha, 2 delta
What is the proportion among newborn in Hemoglobin A1
20%
What is the proportion among newborn in Hemoglobin A2
<0.5%
The start of medullary phase
5th to 6th month of development
The end of medullary phase
Throughout lifetime
The primary site of medullary phase
Bone marrow
The secondary site of medullary phase
Liver, spleen
The product of medullary phase
Cells of various lineages are seen
Globin chains of Hemoglobin A1 in Medullary phase
2 alpha; 2 beta
Globin chains of Hemoglobin A2 in Medullary phase
2 alpha; 2 delta
Types of Hematopoiesis
Medullary and Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
This is the blood and cell production within the bone marrow
Medullary Hematopoiesis
This begins in the 5th month of gestation and continuous throughout life
Medullary Hematopoiesis
Blood cell production mainly in the liver and spleen
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
This occurs when bone marrow cannot meet the body requirements
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
The primary site of hematopoiesis in an adult
Bone marrow
Major site of hematopoiesis during the hepatic period
Liver
Secondary site of hematopoiesis during the hepatic period
Spleen
Secondary lymphoid organ; involved in the maturation of T cells
Thymus
Secondary lymphoid organ; involved in the production of lymphocytes, filtration and removal of old and damaged cells
Lymph nodes
In humans, this is the bone marrow.
Bursa Equivalent Organ
In the _________, the bursa is the site of maturation of B cells
Fabricius bird
Composed of the monocytes and macrophages
Mononuclear Phagocyte System
Produce erythropoietin
Kidneys
Site of primitive erythropoiesis
Yolk sac
Bone marrow is composed of?
Red Bone Marrow and Yellow Bone Marrow
Red Bone Marrow can be found where?
Sternum, skull, vertebrae, scapula, ribs, pelvic bones, and proximal ends of long bones
This is composed of adipose tissue
Yellow Bone Marrow
Red-to-yellow bone marrow ratio before birth
100% red bone marrow
Red-to-yellow bone marrow ratio at birth
90:10
Red-to-yellow bone marrow ratio 19-20 years old
60:40
Red-to-yellow bone marrow ratio adulthood
50:50
Red-to-yellow bone marrow ratio 65 years old
40:60
The ratio of granulocytes to nucleated erythroid precursors
Myeloid-Erythroid Ratio
Myeloid-Erythroid Ratio for those who do not have disease (Normal)
2:1-4:1 (3:1)
Myeloid-Erythroid Ratio with infection
6:1
Myeloid-Erythroid Ratio with Leukemia
25:1
Myeloid-Erythroid Ratio with Myeloid hyperplasia
20:1
Myeloid-Erythroid Ratio with Myeloid hypoplasia
3:20
Myeloid-Erythroid Ratio with Erythroid hyperplasia
1:20
Myeloid-Erythroid Ratio with Erythroid hypoplasia
5:1
Normal cell development depends on the interaction of?
Pluripotent Stem Cell, Microenvironment, Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Cytokines are also known as?
Growth Factors
These are soluble proteins that have direct or indirect effects on hematopoiesis
Cytokines
Cytokines includes what?
Interleukins (IL), Lymphokines, Monokines, Interferons, Chemokines, Colony-Stimulating-Factors (CSF)
Origin of the growth factor M-CSF (CSF-1)
Endothelial cells, Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Placenta, T cells
This stimulates macrophage differentiation. Important for maintenance of mature monocyte functions
M-CSF (CSF-1)
Origin of the growth factor Erythropoietin
Kidney, Liver
This stimulates erythropoiesis. No effect on more primitive progenitors
Erythropoietin
Origin of the growth factor Interleukin 5 (IL-5)
T cells
Stimulates production of eosinophils. Induces terminal B-cell differentiation
Interleukin 5 (IL-5)
Origin of the growth factor G-CSF
Endothelial cells, macrophages, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils
This stimulates production of neutrophils. Predominantly acts late in hierarchy of development with strong maturational effects
G-CSF
Origin of the growth factor GM-CSF
Endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, T cells, NK cells
This stimulates production of neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils. Predominantly induces proliferation and differentiation of early myeloid progenitors
GM-CSF
Origin of the growth factor Interleukin 3 (IL-3) (multi-CSF)
T Cells and NK cells
Stimulates production of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets. Predominantly induces proliferation and differentiation of early myeloid progenitors
Interleukin 3 (IL-3) (Multi-CSF)
Which of the Hematopoietic growth factors predominantly induces proliferation and differentiation of early myeloid progenitors
GM-CSF and Interleukin 3 (IL-3) (multi-CSF)
What are the Lineage-Specific Hematopoiesis
Erythropoiesis, Leukopoiesis, Megakaryopoiesis
What are the 3 Leukopoiesis
Granulopoiesis, Monopoiesis, Lymphopoiesis