FP210 Final Exam Multiple Choice

How do collective security organizations face collective action problems?

How do collective security organizations face collective action problems?

do not have the ability to tax anyone or raise military forces themselves

Which of the following is an example of accountability?

the leader of a country that was unsuccessful in war loses the next election

Why does the rally effect occur?

members of a group feel greater loyalty when they come into conflict with outsiders

The transparency of democratic institutions helps alleviate which of the following bargaining problems?

information problems

How has the advent of nuclear weapons changed the bargaining interactions around large-scale wars?

The expected costs of war involving nuclear weapons are higher, thus widening the bargaining range.

Which of the following is an example of deterrence?

the United States threatening to attack Iran if it did not cease developing nuclear weapons

How do democratic institutions help reduce informational problems?

Policy decisions are usually debated in public, so foreign governments can obtain more information about resolve.

Which of the following is an example of a solution to a coordination problem?

Cybersecurity experts set a universal standard format for malware reporting so that all firms can share.

Why does the production of public goods always lead to a collective action problem?

Because actors can enjoy public goods without contributing to their provision, they have a strong temptation to free ride

When Russia invaded Ukraine, members of the United Nations were divided on how to respond. Some wanted a forceful condemnation, whereas others saw it as Russia acting in its sphere of influence. In the end the UN took little meaningful action. This is an example of which particular issue collective security organizations can face?

joint decision making problems

Which of the following best summarizes current research on whether leaders “wag the dog” when it comes to military actions?

The relationship between the likelihood a state gets into a military conflict and factors such as economic well-being or a leader’s popularity is complex and depends on many factors.

Under what circumstances can nationalism undermine domestic unity rather than reinforce it?

when a country is multinational or otherwise divided among several competing nationalities

Which of the following is a reason an alliance commitment might not be reliable?

The lack of an ironclad agreement (in order to avoid entrapment) could cause a state not to act.

When are alliances most likely to be successful?

when states are able to credibly signal their strong mutual interests

Canada and the United States are having a disagreement over subsidies to farmers and whether they violate a trade agreement between the two states. They attempt bilateral negotiations, but they fail to come to a resolution. They decide to send their case to the World Trade Organization for adjudication. In this example, the bilateral negotiations would be considered an ________, and the World Trade Organization an ________.

interaction; institution

Which of the following is a way that a collective security organization, like the United Nations, could help resolve a commitment problem?

The organization can send in peacekeepers to reduce the chances of a surprise attack.

If a state decides to take a hard line during coercive bargaining, it is increasing the risks of war in an effort to

move the final outcomes closer to its ideal point

A state wanting to free ride with regard to ozone depletion would

sign an agreement to reduce greenhouse gases but continue to produce such ozone-depleting emissions, while other states decrease their own emissions

Which of the following is an example of a public good? (something everyone can enjoy)

clean air resulting from laws reducing pollution

If a country values a good so highly that it is willing to lose the lives of thousands of its citizens in order to obtain it, we would say that state has high

resolve

What is the “democratic peace”?

Countries with democratic governments are less likely to go to war with other democracies.

What is the difference between cooperation and bargaining?

It is possible in cooperation to come to an agreement that leaves no one worse off than before, whereas in bargaining, increasing one actor’s share means decreasing others’ shares (zero-sum game).

What is a preventive war?

a war begun by a state to prevent an adversary from becoming a stronger threat in the future

How do the costs and benefits of international conflict help explain which groups have influence in deciding foreign policy?

Because costs are widely distributed but benefits are not, those groups that stand to benefit have a significant advantage in determining policy.

What is a strategic interaction?

a condition in which each actor’s plan is contingent upon its estimate of what the other actor is expected to do

What was the key characteristic of the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union that makes it applicable to the Prisoner’s Dilemma?

Each side had an incentive to cheat in order to maintain superiority over the other

What is the security dilemma?

a situation that arises when one state’s efforts to defend itself make other states feel less secure

Which of the following is the best example of a peacekeeping mission?

An international organization organizes a military force to enforce a cease-fire between two factions in a civil war.

How are institutions at the international level different from those elsewhere in political and social life?

They lack the capacity to impose punishments, and thus they facilitate cooperation by making self-enforcement easier.

Why did Argentina attack the Falkland Islands/Malvinas?

the Argentine government expected that taking control would improve ability to stay in power

How are institutions at the international level different from those elsewhere in political and social life?

They lack the capacity to impose punishments, and thus they facilitate cooperation by making self-enforcement easier.

How did the Great Depression help lead to the outbreak of World War II?

It led to the rise of extreme right-wing, nationalistic governments in several key European nations.

ex. Nazi Germany

In the figure, a point on the line segment ab represents what in relation to q?

a gain for both actors

In the figure, what do the words “Bargaining Range” represent?

the set of deals to which both states will agree

When Burundi imposes a new tax on imports into its country, it expects that the tax will go into place without interference from other countries’ governments, even if those countries are harmed by the import tax. This is an example of what concept?

sovereignty

What effect does a disagreement among allies about the intentions of a possible enemy state have on the bargaining model of war?

It can heighten the probability that a bargaining failure will lead to war.

The case of ozone depletion indicates that

special interests can push environmental regulation when it is seen as profitable

Which of the following is an example of a nonderogable right?

freedom from torture

Which of the following is a reason that trade might have worked against the interests of less developed countries (LDCs)?

Over time, the price of LDCs’ primary products decreased relative to the price of developed countries’ manufactured goods.

How did the so-called Asian values debate of the 1990s challenge the status quo view of human rights?

It questioned the universality of some rights.

What is a fear that political scientists have about the relationship between globalization and income inequality?

Globalization seems to cause a slight increase in income inequality within developed countries.

Why is it difficult to measure human rights abuses?

Governments carry out some abuses of human rights in private, making it difficult to find evidence of abuses.

How many states do not currently have nuclear weapons but do have the technology and knowledge to acquire them quickly?

20

Which regime is most likely to sign the Convention against Torture and still engage in torture?

multiparty dictatorships

Which states are most likely to sign and ratify international human rights agreements if their goal is to bind the hands of future governments?

states transitioning to democracy

What effect does economic development tend to have on pollution?

Pollution rises as production increases, then falls as investments are made in clean technologies.

The commitment problem most resembles which type of bargaining game?

Prisoner’s Dilemma

Which of the following is an example of an interest group successfully pushing a state into a conflict?

the United States removing Guatemalan President Arbenz to protect United Fruit’s assets

In the figure, what set of deals does A prefer to war?

costs to A + costs to B + value of war to B

Which of the following is a principle in the Geneva Conventions?

Soldiers should not kill or injure an enemy who surrenders.

How did the increased integration of global supply chains influence less developed countries?

It has made the developed world more reliant on the developing world but increased how much the developing world is influenced by outside factors.

What is the International Bill of Rights?

the UDHR, the ICCPR, and the ICESCR (all 3 together)

Which of the following best represents the use of “naming and shaming” by TANs to get a state to comply with a norm?

A human rights nongovernmental organization (NGO) publishes and widely disseminates a report on violations of human rights in Egypt.

Gondor invades the neighboring kingdom of Mordor. After many years of war, the two sides call a cease-fire. They ask the United Nations (UN) to send in troops to help maintain the cease-fire. This is an example of

peacekeeping

Economic downturns are likely to cause what kind of bargaining problems for rebels and states?

commitment problems

What is the essential credible commitment problem for rebel groups to lay down their arms for peace?

Once they disarm, they have no way to be sure that the government will keep the deal.

What was the effect of the involvement of neighboring countries and cross-border flows of fighters in the Rwandan genocide?

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) descended into its own civil war.

Why is the problem of ozone depletion different from the problem of global warming?

There are few CFC-producing countries, but nearly all industrialized and industrializing countries emit greenhouse gases.

Which of the following is an example of a rights violation due to a national security threat from domestic groups?

The United States placing approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans in internment camps following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of World War II

Which of the following is an example of a right guaranteed by the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights?

right to a minimum standard of living

Which of the following would be an example of an irredentist rebel group?

a band of Texans of Mexican descent seeking to return Texas to Mexico

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change aids cooperation over reduction of greenhouse gases by

ensuring iterated interactions between states.

Why have scholars recently changed their opinion on whether global human rights violations have increased or decreased over the past 35 years?

The definition for what counts as a human rights violation has expanded over time.

The Kyoto Protocol attempts to

privatize a public good

If two states possess nuclear weapons, but neither side possesses second-strike capability, what effect does this have on relations between the two countries?

The lack of second-strike capability makes first strikes more rewarding and may make nuclear war more likely.

How effective has the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) norm been in preventing or punishing atrocities against a country’s own citizens?

It has been applied in a few cases but has not prevented or punished all atrocities.

How many states possess nuclear weapons at the present time?

9

What did the first international human rights agreement that contained specific rules and responsibilities cover?

freedom from genocide

How would the elimination of nuclear weapons as a credible second-strike capability affect bargaining between two rival states?

It narrows the range of acceptable bargains for both parties and should make war more likely.

States refusing to negotiate with terrorists are trying to overcome what kind of problem created by bargaining with terrorists?

commitment problems

Why are the Srebrenica massacre of 1995 and the Rwandan genocide of 1994 examples of the limitations of peacekeeping?

Peacekeepers could not prevent hostile forces from murdering civilians.

What does the International Criminal Court fundamentally violate?

state sovereignty

Which of the following is an example of a right guaranteed by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?

freedom of assembly and association

Why are countries more likely to cooperate when there is iteration?

because countries are better able to threaten reciprocal punishment and cooperation in the future

Why might states oppose humanitarian intervention?

Humanitarian interventions can undermine a state’s sovereignty.

Why might “naming and shaming” work to improve compliance with international norms?

States, leaders, and multinational corporations all sometimes value their reputation in the global community, encouraging compliance.

What is the most important role that TANs have in stopping human rights abuses?

providing information that sparks public outrage about a country’s human rights abuses

Which of the following best describes the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) norm?

States are expected to intervene in the internal affairs of another state that is failing to protect its citizens from widespread human rights abuses.

The fictional Dalek nation decides to kill all of the members of a minority ethnic group living in its country. This is an example of what concept?

genocide

The depletion of the whale population due to hunting is an example of

The difficulty to manage common-pool resources

Why do proxy wars occur?

Direct confrontation between superpowers may be so costly that superpowers seek other countries to fight on their behalf