UNLV KIN 223 EXAM 2! corrected, KIN223 Exam 2, KIN 223 Exam 2 Review, KIN 223 Exam 2

During transcription

a protein is formed as a DNA sequence is read.

an RNA molecule is formed as a DNA sequence is read.

a protein is formed as a RNA sequence is read.

an amino acid is transferred to a ribosome as a DNA sequence is read.

a DNA sequence is formed as a RNA sequence is read.

an RNA molecule is formed as a DNA sequence is read.

Apoptosis is best described as

the process of immune cells recognizing an infected cell as "foreign".

the process of an aging cell becoming cancerous.

the destruction of a cell through mechanical damage.

a process where cells destroy themselves.

a process where cells destroy themselves.

The _______ is responsible for forming the outer, limiting barrier of a cell.

mitochondrion

ribosome

peroxisome

centrosome

plasma membrane

plasma membrane

The building blocks that form the DNA double helix are called

nitrogenous acids.

steroid bases.

nucleotides.

nucleoli.

nuclear pores.

nucleotides.

When a cell surrounds a large particle with pseudopodia and then engulfs it, the process is called

phagocytosis.

exocytosis.

secondary active transport.

pinocytosis.

receptor-mediated endopinocytosis.

phagocytosis.

Pinocytosis is the process in which the cell

internalizes ("eats") a large solid particle.

pumps small solutes against their concentration gradient and out of the cell.

internalizes ("drinks") a droplet of interstitial fluid.

splits ("pinches") off a small part of itself to secrete into the extracellular space.

internalizes ("drinks") a droplet of interstitial fluid.

!The function of the nucleolus is to make!

the secretions that will be packaged by the Golgi apparatus.

histones.

DNA molecules.

the deoxyribose sugar.

the subunits of ribosomes.

the subunits of ribosomes.

!When a cell is placed in a solution with a very low solute concentration, water diffuses into the cell. Such a solution is called a(n) _________ solution.!

isotonic

endergonic

hypertonic

hypotonic

hypotonic

Proteins that are embedded within, and extend across, the phospholipid bilayer are called _____ proteins.

catalytic

integral

peripheral

cytoskeleton

integral

The phase of mitosis that begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere is

anaphase.

metaphase.

telophase.

prophase.

interphase.

anaphase.

Channel-mediated diffusion is a subtype of

simple diffusion.

facilitated diffusion.

active transport.

carrier-mediated diffusion.

endocytosis.

facilitated diffusion.

Which of the following is not a component of the cytoplasm?

Organelles

Chromatin

Cytosol

Inclusions

Chromatin

Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one where it is less concentrated is known as

facilitation.

equilibrium.

active transport.

selective transport.

diffusion.

diffusion.

Which of the following serve to increase the surface area of a cell for absorption and secretion?

Cilia and microvilli

Cilia

Flagella

Cilia and flagella

Microvilli

Microvilli

Forms the outer barrier of the cell

cytoplasm

plasma membrane

nucleus

plasma membrane

Contains the cytosol, inclusions, and organelles

cytoplasm

plasma membrane

nucleus

cytoplasm

The cell's control center

cytoplasm

plasma membrane

nucleus

nucleus

Movement of fluids through a selectively permeable membrane caused by hydrostatic pressure is referred to as _____.

osmosis

hydrostatic pressure

filtration

carrier-mediated diffusion

concentration gradient

simple diffusion

filtration

The pressure exerted by a fluid on the inside wall of its container (or vessel, in the case of the human body), is called ____.

osmosis

hydrostatic pressure

filtration

carrier-mediated diffusion

concentration gradient

simple diffusion

hydrostatic pressure

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration describes ___.

osmosis

hydrostatic pressure

filtration

carrier-mediated diffusion

concentration gradient

simple diffusion

simple diffusion

Movement away from high solvent concentration or towards high solute concentration describes

osmosis

hydrostatic pressure

filtration

carrier-mediated diffusion

concentration gradient

simple diffusion

osmosis

The movement of small, polar molecules across the plasma membrane by a carrier protein is called.

osmosis

hydrostatic pressure

filtration

carrier-mediated diffusion

concentration gradient

simple diffusion

carrier-mediated diffusion

Label each type of intercellular junction.

Which type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers, including an apical layer containing tall, slender cells?

Simple columnar

Stratified squamous

Pseudostratified squamous

Simple squamous

Stratified columnar

Stratified columnar

Endocrine glands

lack ducts and secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid.

lack ducts and secrete their products onto the skin surface.

possess short ducts and secrete their products directly onto the skin surface.

possess ducts to secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid.

secrete mucus directly into a body cavity.

lack ducts and secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid.

Ligaments are very strong but resistant to stretch. Which protein fiber probably predominates?

Collagen

Reticular

Adipose

Elastic

Collagen

Plasma is

platelets and a watery ground substance.

a dissolved ground matrix and a lining of epithelial cells.

a liquid ground substance containing dissolved proteins.

platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells.

a liquefied ground substance that includes several dissolved cells.

a liquid ground substance containing dissolved proteins.

Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities?

Muscle

Connective

Epithelial

Nervous

None of the choices is correct.

Epithelial

The primary role of epithelial tissue in the stomach is

regulation of contraction.

housing blood vessels and nerves.Incorrect

secretion of substances for chemical digestion.

mixing and propulsion of foodstuffs.

secretion of substances for chemical digestion.

Connective tissue proper is divided into two broad categories: loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue. This classification is based upon the

size of the cells present.

origin of the tissue type.

number of different cells types and their respective arrangement.

relative proportions of cells, fibers, and ground substance present.

location of the tissue.

relative proportions of cells, fibers, and ground substance present.

Suppose that you were involved in an automobile accident and suffered a back injury. When examined by your physician you are told that you have a slipped disc in the lower back. What type of tissue is involved?

Bone

Fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage

Adipose tissue

Dense regular connective tissue

Fibrocartilage

Endocrine glands secrete

sweat.

hormones.

saliva.

digestive enzymes.

All of the choices are correct.

hormones.

The type of muscle that is found in blood vessel walls is __________ muscle.

cardiac

skeletal

smooth

smooth

Groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function are called

organs.

organ systems.

matrices.

tissues.

tissues.

The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and may include some binucleated cells is called ____________ epithelium.

simple squamous

stratified squamous nonkeratinized

stratified squamous keratinized

pseudostratified

transitional

transitional

The heart is confined within a double-walled serous membrane sac. The part of the membrane that is in contact with the heart is the _____ layer.

visceral

serous

synovial

parietal

mesothelial

visceral

The two types of cells that make up the nervous system are

neurons and mast cells.

neurons and chondrocytes.

macrophages and mast cells.

neurons and glial cells.

mast cells and fibrocytes.

neurons and glial cells.

Correctly label the following areas on a slide of nervous tissue.

Classify the exocrine glands based on their mode of secretion.

The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing "goose bumps" is the

epithelial root sheath.

internal root sheath.

papilla.

arrector pili muscle.

external root sheath.

arrector pili muscle.

Normally, skin color results from a combination of

a: melanin

b: hemoglobin

c: bilirubin

d: carotene

a, d

a, c, d

b, c, d

a, b, c

a, b, d

The integument consists of the epidermis, which is composed of _____________, and the dermis, which is composed primarily of ____________ connective tissue.

simple columnar epithelium; stratified

simple squamous epithelium; dense regular

dense irregular connective tissue; dense regular and dense irregular

stratified squamous epithelium; dense irregular

stratified squamous epithelium; dense irregular

Protects against abrasion; contains melanin, which absorbs damaging UV light

skin

hair

glands

nails

skin

Protects against abrasion; acts as a heat insulator, protects the eyes against foreign objects

skin

hair

glands

nails

hair

Produce secretions that create an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms

skin

hair

glands

nails

glands

Protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage; can be used in defense

skin

hair

glands

nails

nails

Why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?

Constriction of the dermal collagen and elastic fibers

Dehydration of the stratum corneum

Vasoconstriction has occurred

Purely psychological

Vasodilation has occurred

Vasoconstriction has occurred

The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include

frequent regeneration, structural support, and defense against infection.

maintenance of boundaries and sensation of stimuli.

water regulation and vitamin synthesis.

organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation.

organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation.

Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging?

Beginning in middle age, reduced stem cell activity in the epidermis results in thinner skin that is less likely to protect against abrasive, mechanical trauma.

Chronic overexposure to UV rays can damage the DNA in epidermal cells and accelerate aging as well as increase the risk of skin cancer.

As individuals get older, collagen fibers in the dermis decrease in number and organization, and elastic fibers lose elasticity.

The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness.

The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness.

Which are applicable to the stratum corneum?

a: Most superficial stratum

b: Consists of about 3-5 cell layers

c: Cells are dead

d: Interlocking keratinized cells

e: Cells are anucleate

a, c, e

a, c, d, e

a, b, c, d, e

a, c, d

a, b, d

a, c, d, e

Which is not a function of the integument?

Water loss prevention

Synthesis of cholecalciferol (vitamin D precursor)

No exceptions; all are functions of the integument

Protection

Temperature regulation

No exceptions; all are functions of the integument

From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is

Corneum - lucidum - granulosum - spinosum - basale

Basale - granulosum - spinosum - lucidum - corneum

Spinosum - granulosum - basale - lucidum - corneum

Basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum

Corneum - granulosum - lucidum - spinosum - basale

Basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?

Keratinized stratified cuboidal

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Transitional

Nonkeratinized stratitified cuboidal

Keratinized stratified squamous

Keratinized stratified squamous

Which of these are functions of hair?

a: Sensory reception

b: Heat retention

c: Immune function

d: Protection

e: Formation of Vitamin D3

a, d, e

a, b, d, e

a, b, d

a, b, c, d, e

a, b, d

Which of the following is not found in thick skin?

Sweat glands

Hair follicles

Stratum lucidum

Stratum corneum

Hair follicles

Structures found in the dermis include

a: sweat glands

b: hair follicles

c: collagen fibers

d: sensory nerve endings

e: arrector pili muscles

a, c, d

a, b, c, e

a, b, d

a, b, c, d, e

a, b, d, e

a, b, c, d, e

Nails are a scalelike modification of the stratum corneum layer of the ___.

epidermis

stratum corneum

dermis

dorsal

ventral

do

do not

epidermis

Nails form on the ___ edges of the fingers and the toes.

epidermis

stratum corneum

dermis

dorsal

ventral

do

do not

dorsal

Fingernails ___ protect the digits from damage.

epidermis

stratum corneum

dermis

dorsal

ventral

do

do not

do

Going outside on a cold day

Vasoconstriction

Vasodilation

Vasoconstriction

Jumping into a cold pool

Vasoconstriction

Vasodilation

Vasoconstriction

Sitting in the sun on a warm day

Vasoconstriction

Vasodilation

Vasodilation

Running on the treadmill at the gym

Vasoconstriction

Vasodilation

Vasodilation

Label the structures of the integument.

Active transport requires

a. an open channel on the surface of the cell

b. a carrier protein on the surface of the cell

c. a receptor within the cell

d. an enzyme within the cell

b. a carrier protein on the surface of the cell

Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the ___ site

a. a

b. p

c. e

d. b

a. a

Translation is the synthesis of

a. mRNA from DNA

b. mRNA from proteins

c. proteins from DNA

d. proteins from mRNA

e. proteins from tRNA

d. proteins from mRNA

When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when

a. molecules of sugar stop moving

b. water and sugar molecules are moving at the same speed.

c. the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution

d. there are the same number of water molecules as dissolved sugar molecules

e. two tablespoons of coffee are added

c. the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution

The rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following?

a. temperature

b. size of molecules

c. steepness of the concentration gradient

d. temperature, size of molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient

e. temperature and size of the molecules only

d. temperature, size of molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient

Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?

a. small polar molecules

b. small nonpolar molecules

c. large polar molecules

d. large nonpolar molecules

e. large neutral molecules

b. small nonpolar molecules

Microscopic membrane extensions that extend from the plasma membrane are called

a. cilia

b. microvilli

c. flagella

d. mucus

e. desmosomes

b. microvilli

The lysosome contains ____ enzymes

a. photosynthetic

b. anabolic

c. hydrolytic

d. melancholic

e. alcoholic

c. hydrolytic

The type of epithelium that would best allow for rapid diffusion, osmosis or filtration is ____ epithelium

a. pseudostratified columnar

b. transitional

c. stratified squamous

d. simple squamous

d. simple squamous

A thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n)

a. basement membrane

b. apical surface

c. intercellular junction

d. stroma

a. basement membrane

Complete the following multiple-choice questions that describe different connective tissue types:

a. What type of tissue supports epithelium?

b. Which of the following tissues has cells residing in lacunae?

c. Osteocytes are residents of ________ tissue.

d. Tendons and ligaments are primarily made of

e. The structure of the spleen and lymph nodes are composed mainly of

a. loose connective tissue

b. hyaline cartilage

c. bone

d. dense regular connective tissue

e. reticular connective tissue

during childhood, an example of ___ occurs when the liver increases in size as the hepatocytes undergo cell division

a. hyperplasia

b. hypertrophy

c. neoplasia

d. hepatoplasia

a. hyperplasia

From which primary germ layer is the epidermis of the skin derived?

a. endoderm

b. mesoderm

c. ectoderm

d. mesenchyme

e. the epidermis is derived from all three primary germ layers

c. ectoderm

Which feature of a holocrine gland will distinguish it from merocrine and apocrine glands?

a. secretes its product into a duct

b. secretes its product to the outside of an epithelium

d. secretions are released by exocytosis

e. secretions are released by rupture of whole cells

e. secretions are released by rupture of whole cells

Which nerve cell process receives incoming signals and transmits them to the cell body?

a. dendrite

b. axon

a. dendrite

the type of epithelial tissue that is only one cel-layer tech is called ____; the type of epithelial tissue that is two or more cell-layers thick is called ____

a. stratified; columnar

b. pseudostratified; cuboidal

c. simple; stratified

d. squamous; transitional

c. simple; stratified

Correctly label the following structure of a nail

label structures of the integument

Classify the descriptions based on whether they pertain to thin or thick skin

1. found on the palm of the hands,

2. soles of feet

3. do not contain hair follicles

4. contain all 5 epidermal strata

5. contains sebaceous glands

6. does not include the stratum lucidum

7. contains hair follicles

8. found over most of the body

Thick skin: found on palm of the hands, soles of feet, do not contain hair follicles , and contain all 5 epidermal strata

Thin skin: contains sebaceous glands, does not include the stratum lucidum, contains hair follicles, found over most of the body

place the events that occur during wound healing into the correct order, using the images as a guide

immune cells found in the epidermis are called

a. epidermal dendritic cells

b. keratinocytes

c. melanocytes

d. adipocytes

a. epidermal dendritic cells

Which of the following are functions of the skin? Check all that apply.

a. Absorption of oils or lipid-soluble chemicals or drugs, such as estrogen or nicotine, through transdermal patches

b. Excretion of sebum that lubricates the skin surface and hair

c. Secretion of the waste product urea during sweating

d. secretion of water and salt during sweating, which plays a role in electrolyte homeostasis

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Which of the following is a true statement regarding sebaceous glands? Check all that apply.

A. Sebaceous glands are a form of sudoriferous gland.

B. Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum.

C. Sebaceous glands are modified mammary glands.

D. Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.

A, B , D

another name for the intracellular fluid is

a. intercellular matrix

b. cisternae

c. cytoplasm

d. cytosol

e. interstitial fluid

d. cytosol

In nutrient glycogen is found stored inside a cell, it is considered a(n)

a. membrane-bound organelle

b. non-membrane-bound organelle

c. inclusion

d. pigment

c. inclusion

Glycolipids are found on the:

a. outer layer of the cell membrane, and they help make the sticky sugar coating on its surface.

b. inside of the cell, where they are a source of high-energy nutrition to power mitochondria

c. middle layer of the cell membrane and they function to transmit solutes through the membrane

d. the inner layer of the cell membrane, and they provide scaffold support to the cell membrane.

a. outer layer of the cell membrane, and they help make the sticky sugar coating on its surface.

proteins that assist the movement of a substance across the membrane are called ____ proteins

a. catalytic

b. cytoskeleton

c. identification

d. intercellular attachment

e. transport

e. transport

Cell shrinking, also known as crenation, occurs when a cell is placed into a(n) _________ solution.

a. exergonic

b. isotonic

c. hypotonic

d. hypertonic

d. hypertonic

Which is a passive transport process?

a. ion pump

b. osmosis

c. receptor-medicated endocytosis

d. pinocytosis

e. phagocytosis

b. osmosis

What is an active transport process?

a. osmosis

b. simple diffusion

c. bulk filtration

d. ion pump

e. facilitated diffusion

d. ion pump

During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _________ solute concentration.

a. lesser

b. greater

b. greater

the sodium-potassium pump moves both potassium and sodium down their concentration gradients, from higher to lower concentration.

a. true

b. false

b. false

To maintain a resting membrane

potential, the sodium-potassium pump

a. passively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

b. actively transports 3 potassium ions out of the cell and 2 sodium ions into the cell.

c. actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

d. passively transports 3 potassium ions out of the cell and 2 sodium ions into the cell.

c. actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

Removal of old organelles is via a process called

a. filtration

b. autophagy

c. autolysis

d. pinocytosis

e. vascularization

b. autophagy

which of the following serve to increase the surface area of a cell for absorption and secretion?

a.microvilli

b. flagella

c. cilia

d. cilia and microvilli

e. cilia and flagella

a. microvilli

Which are the smallest components of the cytoskeleton?

a. centrosomes

b. microfilaments

c. centrioles

d. microtubules

e. intermediate filaments

b. microfilaments