F Ch 2 - Anatomy & Physiology

Abduction

Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, __ separates the fingers

Absorption

The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells

Accessory Nerve

Also known as the eleventh cranial nerve; a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles

Adduction

Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toes, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand __ draw the fingers together

ATP

Transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism

Adipose Tissue

Specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body

Adrenal Glands

Glands that are located at the top of the kidneys assisting in the regulation of metabolism, stress response and blood pressure, and support of immune system health through the generation of specific hormones

Anatomy

The study of human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts

Aorta

The arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body

Arteries

Thick-walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body

Arterioles

Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

Auricularis Muscles

The three muscles of the ear that work together to move the ear upward, forward, or backward

Auriculotemporal Nerve

Nerve that affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart

Belly

Middle part of the muscle

Biceps

Muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow

Blood

Nutritive fluid circulating through the cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them

Blood Vessels

tube-like structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

Body Systems

Also known as systems, groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems

Brain

Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity, and the power to think and feel

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Brain Stem

Structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain

Buccal Nerve

Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth

Buccinator

Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips

Capillaries

Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials

Cardiovascular System

Body system consisting of the heart, arteries, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body

Carpus

A flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments

Cell Membrane

Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell

Cells

Basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves

Cervical Nerves

Nerves that originate at the spinal cord, whose branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck; affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle

Cervical Cutaneous Nerve

Nerve located at the side of the neck that affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone

Cervical Vertebra

The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region

Circulatory System

System that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels

Clavicle

Bone joining the sternum and scapula

Common Carotid Arteries

Arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck, located on either side of the neck, having an internal and external branch

Connective Tissue

Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Examples are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fat

Corrugator Muscle

Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

Cranium

Oval, bony case that protects the brain

Defecation

Elimination of feces from the body

Deltoid

Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

The blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell

Depressor Anguli Oris

muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth

Diaphragm

Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing

Digestion

Breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means

Digestive Enzymes

Chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body

Digestive System

Responsible for breaking down foods into nutrients and wastes; consists of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands

Digital Nerve

Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers

Digits

Also known as phalanges; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thump, totaling 14 bones

Ductless Glands

Also known as endocrine glads; glands that release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream

Eleventh Cranial Nerve

A motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles

Endocrine Glands

Also known as ductless glands; ductless glands that release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream. They are a group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body

Endocrine System

Group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body

Enzymes

A group of complex proteins produced by living cells that act as catalysts in specific chemical reactions in the body, such as digestion

Epicranius

The broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis

Epithelial Tissue

Protective covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs and glands

Ethmoid Bone

Light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities

Excretory System

Group of organs - including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, and lungs - that purify the body by elimination of waste matter

Exhalation

Breathing outward; expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs

Exocrine Glands

Also known as duct glands; produce a substance that travels through small, tubelike ducts, swea

Extension

When muscles straighten; when the wrist, hand, and fingers form a straight line, for example

External Jugular Vein

Vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck

Facial Nerve

It is the chief motor nerve of the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck

Fifth Cranial Nerve

It is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It consists of three branches

Flexion

When muscles move to pull the body part toward the core of the body, such as when the biceps of the arm are activated toward the body

Frontal Bone

bone forming the forehead

Frontalis

front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead

Gastrointestinal System

responsible for changing food into nutrients and waste, also called the digestive system

Glabella

the corregator and procerus muscles; considered an area or region between the eyebrows at the top of the nose, and or on the frontal bone. Not specifically a muscle or a bone

Glands

specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds

Greater Auricular Nerve

nerve at the sides of the neck affecting the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland

Greater Occipital Nerve

nerve located in the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head

Heart

muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system

Histology

also known as microscopic anatomy; the study of the structure and composition of tissue

Hormones

secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body, or a body organ, to stimulate functional activity or secretion, such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen

Humerus

uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder

Hyoid Bone

u-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle

Infraorbital Nerve

affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth

Infratrochlear Nerve

nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose

Ingestion

eating or taking food into the body

Inhalation

breathing in through the nose or mouth, and thus oxygen is absorbed by the blood

Insertion

point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more movable body part

Integumentary System

the skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails

Internal Jugular Vein

vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck

Interstitial Fluid

blood plasma found in the spaces between tissues

Joint

connection between two or more bones of the skeleton

Kidneys

one of the body organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating water and waste products

Lacrimal Bones

small, thin bones located in the anterior medial wall of the orbits (eye sockets)

Latissimus Dorsil

large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back

Lesser Occipital Nerve

also known as smaller occipital nerve; located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear

Levator Anguli Oris

is a muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward

Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle

thin muscle that controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application

Levator Labii Superioris

is a muscle that elevates the lip and dilates the nostrils, as in expressing distaste

Liver

a gland in the abdominal cavity that secretes enzymes necessary for digestion, synthesizes proteins, and detoxifies the blood. It regulates sugar levels in the blood and helps with decomposition of red blood cells and produces hormones necessary for body functions

Lungs

spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one respiratory cycle

Lymph

clear, yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces (lymphatic) of the body; carries waste and impurities away from the cells

Lymph Node

gland-like structure found inside lymphatic vessels; filter the lymphatic vessels and help fight infection

Lymphatic/Immune System

a vital factor to the circulatory and to the immune system made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the blood system; the lymphatic and immune system are closely connected in that they protect the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing microorganisms

Mandible

lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face

Mandibular Nerve

branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the muscles and skin of the lower part of the face; also, nerve that affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip

Masseter

one of the muscles that coordinate with the temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as chewing muscles