Understanding Emotion, Prejudice, and Relationships

Thoughts

Cognitive processes like perception, memory, reasoning.

Feelings

Emotional responses influencing motivation and attitudes.

Behavior

Actions and decisions influenced by emotions.

Survival

Avoiding negatives and approaching positives.

Emotion

Temporary state motivating adaptive behavior changes.

Moods

Long-lasting emotional states not linked to events.

Affect

Broad evaluation of experiences as good or bad.

Cognitive change

Focuses resources on relevant situations.

Physiological change

Prepares body for action via hormonal responses.

Action tendency

Increases likelihood of goal-oriented behavior.

Communicative signal

Displays conveying intentions through facial and vocal cues.

Feeling

Subjective experience guiding goal-oriented actions.

Happiness

Enhances cognitive breadth and creative thinking.

Negative emotions

Signal issues, narrowing focus on problems.

Position emotions

Broaden attention and associations for better outcomes.

Threat construal

Perceiving inability to achieve a difficult goal.

Challenge construal

Believing in ability to achieve a difficult goal.

Flow state

Optimal experience during challenging tasks.

Action intensity

Depends on emotion severity and available options.

Valence

Positive or negative evaluation of emotional experiences.

Arousal

Physiological activation level accompanying emotions.

Construal

Appraisal process determining emotional state.

Intensity of emotion

Determined by relevance to personal goals.

Cognitive resources

Mental capacity allocated to process emotional situations.

Construal Tree

Framework indicating how construals shape emotions.

Emotional Regulation

Managing emotional states for desired outcomes.

Reappraisal

Changing perception of a situation to alter emotions.

Suppression

Inhibiting emotional expression or experience.

Emotion

Temporary state driving behavior and physiological changes.

Attitudes

Stable evaluations of people, objects, or ideas.

Origins of Attitudes

Formed by past emotions, beliefs, and experiences.

Affective Component

Emotional aspect of attitudes influencing evaluations.

Play

Engaging in fun activities, often exploratory.

Phylogenetic Play

Play behavior observed in mammals and non-mammals.

Building Blocks of Play

Cognitive, physiological, and communicative changes during play.

Cognitive Change

Broadening associations and forming novel connections.

Physiological Change

Alterations in bodily responses during play.

Action Tendency

Unpredictable and awkward movements during play.

Communicative Signal

Signals like laughter indicating playful behavior.

Costs of Play

Energy expenditure and potential for injury.

Functions of Mammalian Play

Developing skills and practicing adult behaviors.

Stereotypes

Schemas about categories of people influencing behavior.

Intergroup Bias

Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components of prejudice.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Beliefs leading to behaviors that confirm those beliefs.

Prejudice

Emotionally charged attitude towards a group.

Discrimination

Behavioral manifestation of prejudiced attitudes.

Warmth and Competence

Core dimensions in stereotype evaluations.

Stereotype Content

Determines attitudes based on warmth and competence.

Group Evaluation

Assess group attributes related to personal goals.

Perceived Threat

Different threats lead to varied discrimination forms.

Contamination Threat

Leads to feelings of disgust.

Imminent Threat

Causes feelings of fear.

Intentional Blocking

Results in feelings of anger.

Distal-Level Factors

Situational factors like environment and migration.

Proximal-Level Factors

Cultural products and social interactions influence behavior.

Psychological Factors

Includes thinking, feeling, and personality traits.

Implicit Bias

Unconscious attitudes affecting behavior and judgment.

Explicit Bias

Conscious attitudes and beliefs about groups.

Social Influence

Impact of group dynamics on individual behavior.

Discrimination Effects

Harms safety, health, resources, and social capital.

Chronic Stress

Long-term stress due to discrimination experiences.

Internalized Prejudice

Acceptance of negative stereotypes about oneself.

Stereotype Threat

Fear of confirming negative stereotypes affecting performance.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Expectation leads to behavior that confirms it.

Cognitive Load

Increased mental effort due to stereotype management.

Meta-Analysis

Study of 328 studies on discrimination's psychological impact.

Disadvantaged Groups

More affected by perceived discrimination's psychological effects.

Prejudice Reduction Strategies

Methods to combat prejudice through changing mindsets.

Contact Hypothesis

Promotes cooperation among groups to reduce prejudice.

Implicit Bias Training

Tools to recognize and combat personal biases.

Injunctive Norms

Statements of what behaviors are considered acceptable.

Descriptive Norms

Describes what behaviors are commonly practiced.

Active Integration

Removing barriers to promote equality and inclusion.

Stereotype Replacement

Recognizing and replacing stereotypical thoughts.

Counter-Stereotypic Imaging

Imagining individuals who defy stereotypes.

Perspective Taking

Adopting the viewpoint of stigmatized individuals.

Contact

Increased exposure to stigmatized groups reduces prejudice.

Confrontation

Directly addressing prejudice to promote change.

Hypothetical Confrontation

Preferred method for Black participants in studies.

Direct Confrontation

Addressing prejudice without avoidance or ambiguity.

Targeting Action

Focusing on specific prejudiced behaviors.

Labeling Prejudice

Identifying actions as prejudiced to raise awareness.

Systemic Racism

Linking individual prejudice to broader societal issues.

Calm Approach

Typical advice to remain composed during confrontation.

Internal Attribution

Believing behavior stems from personal traits.

Stable Attribution

Viewing behavior as consistent over time.

Global Attribution

Generalizing behavior across different situations.

External Attribution

Attributing behavior to situational factors.

Temporary Attribution

Seeing behavior as changeable and context-dependent.

Specific Attribution

Focusing on particular instances of behavior.

Behavior-focused Confrontation

More effective in changing perpetrator's actions.

Person-focused Confrontation

Feels like rejection, hindering relationship repair.

Prejudice

Cognitive and affective processes applied to social categories.

Stereotype

Cognitive belief about a group of people.

Discrimination

Behavioral manifestation of prejudice against individuals.

Aggression

Behavior intended to harm or intimidate others.

Hostile Aggression

Emotional response aimed at removing a threat.

Instrumental Aggression

Planned attack for personal gain or reward.

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Frustration can lead to aggressive behavior.

Relational Aggression

Harming others through social manipulation or exclusion.