AP World History: Modern - Unit 5: Revolutions VOCAB

The ultimate flashcard set for Unit 5: Revolutions in AP World History: Modern; great for vocabulary practice!

Enlightenment

Enlightenment

A European intellectual movement that occurred during the 17th & 18th centuries; grew out of the Scientific Revolution & the humanism of the Renaissance and emphasized optimism & reason-based thought without denying the existence of God

Nationalism

The belief that your country is superior, without question or doubt; helped sparked many revolutions in history and was one of the four main causes of World War I

Suffrage

The right to vote

Feminism

The advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes

Nation-states

Political units where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent

Democracy

A system of government of the people, by the people, and for the people

Liberalism

A political ideology grounded upon the belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches

Maori Nationalism

A movement that seeks to promote and protect the cultural identity, rights, and interests of the Maori people in New Zealand

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A fundamental document of the French Revolution adopted in 1789, outlining individual and collective rights, emphasizing liberty, equality, and fraternity as the cornerstone of a democratic society

Declaration of Independence

Document that states the principles on which the U.S. government, and the people of country’s identity as Americans, are based; declared American independence from the British Empire

Simón Bolívar

One of the most prominent political figures in the emancipation of South America from the Spanish Empire for his leading role in the independence of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela; he served as president of Bolivia thought the 19th century

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization and innovation during the late 1700s & early 1800s; began in Britain

Urbanization

The process by which an increasing percentage of a population lives in urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the decline of rural areas

Textile Production

Major industry in Egypt and India; was hurt by British industrialization, taxation, and colonization as it sought to promote its own textiles

Steam Engine

A heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid

Fossil Fuels Revolution

The transition during the 18th and 19th centuries toward the increased use of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, as primary energy sources to power industry, transportation, and electricity, leading to significant social, economic, and environmental changes

2nd Industrial Revolution

Also known as the Technological Revolution, this revolution was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production, and industrialization in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; major players included the United States, Great Britain, and Germany, and major innovations included steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics

Muhammad Ali

Albanian Ottoman officer who rose to prominence and power in Egypt, becoming the new governor of it and the sultan was forced to give consent for this; reformed the country’s military on a European model, established schools, sent military officers to be educated in France, started the 1st newspaper in the Islamic world, implemented high taxes on peasants, secularized religious lands for greater agricultural production, and pushed for industrialization in Egypt, especially in the textile industry

Meiji Era

The period of Japanese history during which Emperor Meiji ruled (Meiji era); characterized by the rapid modernization and industrialization of Japan, as well as significant political, social, and economic changes, including the adoption of Western technologies and educational systems

HSBC

Its full name being the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, it is a transnational bank that was owned by the British (they opened it in their colony of Hong Kong in 1865); it focuses on finance, corporate investments, and global banking

Unilever

A British and Dutch venture that focuses on household goods—most famously, soap; by 1890, it had soap factories in Australia, Switzerland, the United States, and beyond and got palm oil from British West Africa and later the Belgian Congo

Stock Markets

Through these, individuals can buy partial ownership directly from a company

Limited-liability Corporations

Businesses where capital suppliers are not subject to losses greater than the amount of their investment

Adam Smith

In his book the Wealth of Nations (1776), this person argued that humans are naturally transactional and supported capitalism and the establishment of private entrepreneurship, shaping the economics and politics of the industrial age and the centuries to follow

Laissez-faire Capitalism

An economic philosophy developed in the 18th century that opposes government intervention in business affairs

Transnational Business

A business that operates across national boundaries