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surfactant is secreted by
type 1 alveolar cells
type 2 alveolar cells
type 3 alveolar cells
surfactant is not secreted by the alveoli
type 2 alveolar cells- reduce surface tension, keeps alveoli open, reduces work of breathing
During expiration, air moves out of the lungs because
the gas pressure in the lungs is greater than outside pressure
the volume of the lungs increases
the thorax is muscular
the diaphragm
the gas pressure in the lungs is greater than outside pressure
(gasses move from areas of high pressure to low pressure)
alveoli are made of a single layer of epithelium. This facilitates:
ventilation
binding of oxygen to hemoglobin
the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
the production of surfactant
the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
the vital capacity is the:
maximum amount of air that can be inspired
maximum amount of air that can be expired
the amount of air left in the lungs after a forced expiration
the maximum amount of air that can be moved by the lungs
the maximum amount of air that can be moved by the lungs
an increased rate of breathing may be caused by
an increased pH of the arterial blood
an increase in the level of oxygen in the blood
hypercapnia
alkalosis
hypercapnia
each hemoglobin protein can bind
1 oxygen molecule
2 oxygen molecules
4 oxygen molecules
irreversibly to oxygen molecules
4 oxygen molecules
fibrinolysis is the process of
clot formation
dissolving clots
drawing damaged vessels closed
creating a fibrin meshwork
dissolving clots
the function of thrombopoietin is to
regulate the growth and maturation of WBCs
regulate the growth and maturation of RBCs
regulate the growth and maturation of platelets
regulate the growth and maturation megakaryocytes
regulate the growth and maturation megakaryocytes
A person with anti-B antibodies, but no anti-A antibodies in their blood plasma will have:
type a blood
type b blood
type o blood
type ab blood
type a blood
immunoglobulins involved in allergic recations are
igA
igE
igG
igM
igE
perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries determines the
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
hydrostatic pressure in the Loop of Henle
rate of sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule
amount of urea secreted into the nephron
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
resorption of sodium from the nephron
increases the resorption of K
increases the secretion of K
increases the resorption of H2O
decreases the resorption of H2O
increases the resorption of H2O
potassium secretion from the kidney is stimulated by
adh
renin
angiotensin 1
aldosterone
aldosterone
decreased perfusion to the kidneys stimulates the release of
adh
renin
angiotensin 1
aldosterone
renin
renin stimulates the conversion of angiotensinogen into
adh
renin
angiotensin 1
aldosterone
angiotensin 1
the resorption of water from the distal tubule is stimulated by
adh
cortisol
angiotensin 1
aldosterone
adh
in the nephron, the proximal tubule is where
filtration takes place
the majority of sodium resorption takes place
the final osmolarity of urine is determined
ADH has its effect
the majority of sodium resorption takes place
in the descending loop of henle
filtration takes place
only water is resorbed
only sodium is resorbed
only potassium is resorbed
only water is resorbed
the glomerular filtration is determined by
the speed of blood flow in the glomerulus
the viscosity of blood flood in the glomerulus
the hemoglobin concentration of the blood in the glomerulus
the pressure of blood in the glomerulus
the pressure of blood in the glomerulus
sperm production in the testes is initiated by
LH
FSH
ADH
GH
FSH
the seminiferous tubules
are the primary site of oocyte production
are the primary site of sperm production
release GnRH
release FSH
are the primary site of sperm production
cells that have 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosomes are called
tetraploid
triploid
diploid
haploid
haploid
ovulation is stimulated by
declining GnRH levels
declining estrogen levels
a surge in testosterone levels
a surge in the LH and FSH levels
a surge in the LH and FSH levels
Peristalsis is a function of the:
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Esophagus
The main function of the large intestines is:
Absorption of nutrients.
Absorption of water and electrolytes
Release of digestive enzymes
Machani
Absorption of water and electrolytes
The vagus nerve (CN X):
Initiates the swallow reflex.
Controls motor movements of the tongue.
Innervates the stomach.
Carries sensory information regarding smell.
Innervates the stomach.
Fat digestion would be compromised in the absence of:
Amylase
Bicarbonate
Exopeptidase
Bile salts
Bile Salts
which of the following occurs during quiet expiration
the diaphragm contracts
the external intercostal muscles contracts
the alveolar pressure decreases
the thoracic volume decreases
the thoracic volume decreases
surfactant:
is secreted by type 1 alveolar cells
disrupts cohesive forces between water molecules
increases the work of breathing
prevents the alveoli from expanding during inspiration
disrupts cohesive forces between water molecules
the max amount of air that can be voluntarily moved into and out of the respiratory system with one breath is
residual volume
vital capacity
tidal volume
total lung capacity
vital capacity
during hyperventilation, the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli:
both increase
both decrease
the PO2 decreases and the PCO2 increases
the PO2 increases and the PCO2 decreases
the PO2 increases and the PCO2 decreases
when in a respiratory cycle is intrapleural pressure greatest?
beginning of inspiration
end of inspiration
beginning of expiration
end of expiration
end of expiration
(inverse relationship)
oxygen moves from alveoli into blood by
simple diffusion
active transport
bulk flow
facilitated diffusion
simple diffusion
hypercapnia causes
increases ventilation
no change in ventilation
decreased ventilation
hypoxia
increases ventilation
hypoxia causes
increased PCO2 of arterial blood
increased RBC production
increased oxygen levels in the tissues
release of thrombopoietin
increased RBC production
the chemical control of ventilation is due mainly to
arterial PO2
changes in plasma pH
arterial PCO2
the central pattern generator
arterial PCO2
secretion is:
the transfer of molecules from ECF into the nephron lumen
the excretion of substance from the body
the movement of fluid from the nephron into the blood
the job pf the glomerulus
the transfer of molecules from ECF into the nephron lumen
what is the role of ADH?
it causes the nephron to retain water
it stimulates aldosterone secretion
it regulates the resorption of Na+
it increases urine output
it causes the nephron to retain water
the majority of filtrate is resorbed in the
glomerulus
loop of henle
proximal tubule
distal tubule
proximal tubule
the kidneys synthesize and release which hormones
renin
erythropoietin
aldosterone
Both A and B
Both A and B: Renin and Erythropoietin
which ion is closely linked to the resorption of water from the nephron
K+
HCO3-
Cl-
Na+
Na+
which would NOT be a response to decreased blood volume
increased HR
increased secretion of renin
vasoconstriction
decreased secretion of ADH
decreased secretion of ADH
aldosterone release is stimulated by
increased plasma potassium levels
decreased circulating renin levels
increased blood pressure
all of the above
increased plasma potassium levels
presuming no change in fluid volume, which of the following would occur after ingesting salt?
decreased BP
decreased renal Na+ resorption
decreased blood osmolarity
decreased ADH secretion
decreased renal Na+ resorption
the primary osmoreceptors are located in the
pons
cerebral cortex
kidney
hypothalamus
hypothalamus
decreased renal perfusion will cause
increased urine output
increased glomerular filtration rate
activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS)
activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS)
neutrophils:
respond rapidly to viral pathogens
mediate allergic reactions
respond rapidly to parasites
respond rapidly to bacterial pathogens
respond rapidly to bacterial pathogens
ALL of the following are considered lymphatic tissue EXCEPT:
spleen
liver
red bone marrow
lungs
lungs
the production of blood cells is
hemostasis
hematopoiesis
allostasis
fibrinolysis
hematopoiesis
an athlete using erythropoietin (EPO) is hoping to increase
erythrocytes
platelets
blood production
urine output
erythrocytes
B lymphocytes are primarily activated by
antibodies
cytotoxic T cells
plasma cells
helper T cells
helper T cells
during early immune response, which antibody level is increasing
IgA
igG
igE
igM
igM
a person with both anti-A and anti-B antibodies has which ABO blood type
type A
type O
type B
type AB
type O
which of the following is TRUE about bile salts?
bile salts facilitate glucose transport
bile salts are released from the lymphatic system
bile salts helps support fat digestion
bile salts helps support fat digestion
the pancreas release which of the following into small intestines
amylase
bicarbonate
lipase
all the above
all the above
food moves through the digestive tract by
swallowing more food
perstalsis
gravity
peristalsis
which is TRUE about the hormone gastrin
it is produced by beta cells in the pancreas
it is secreted by G cells in the pancreas
it is secreted by chief cells in the pancreas
it is secreted by G cells in the pancreas
increased parasympathetic signaling ___ in the GI tract, and increased sympathetic signaling ___ it
stimulates; inhibits
pepsinogen is secreted by
chief cells in the stomach
g cells in the stomach
parietal cells in the stomach
mucous cells in the stomach
chief cells in the stomach
intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of
iron
vitamin d
calcium
vitamin b12
vitamin b12
GnRH regulates the release of which of the following hormones
luteinizing hormone
estrogen
testosterone
progesterone
luteinizing hormone
which of the following hormones dominates the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
estrogen
testosterone
LH
progesterone
progesterone
spermatogenesis occurs in the
seminiferous tubules
vas deferense
epididymus
prostate gland
seminiferous tubules
in males, what is the main target of FSH?
interstitial cells
prostate gland
sertoli cells
sperm cells
sertoli cells
what does LH stimulate in males?
testosterone production
erection
spermatogenesis
LH has no role in males
testosterone production
what occurs during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle
ovulation
the lining of the endometrium builds up
follicule maturation
the lining of the endometrium sloughs its surface layer
the lining of the endometrium sloughs its surface layer
during which phase of the ovarian cycle is estrogen the lowest
early follicular phase
luteal phase
during ovulation
estrogen levels remain constant
early follicular phase
Note 
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