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How should you collimate an abdominal radiograph?
center beam caudal to last rib
When collimating for an abdominal radiograph, you should include ______________ cranially and ______________________ caudally.
diaphragm, coxofemoral joints
Why is VD the preferred view for GI radiographs?
allows organs to spread, easier positioning, comfort
What are the cons to the VD view for GI radiographs?
may worsen respiratory compromise
When might you use a DV view?
if the patient has respiratory issues
What are the cons to a DV view?
organs are squished closer and kidneys are obscured
Which radiographic view is used to evaluate stomach contents?
DV
When taking lateral projections, you should always do what?
include L and R lateral
In large animal abdominal radiographic imaging, visceral detail is poor. True/False
true
When may you use abdominal radiographs in horses?
sand and enterolith checks
When may you use abdominal radiographs in cattle?
ruminal foreign bodies
When may you use abdominal radiographs in pigs, goats, or sheep?
foreign bodies, intestinal obstructions, urethral obstructions
The ________________ is the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum.
peritoneal cavity
In health, the peritoneal cavity contains a _________ volume of fluid for lubricaiton.
minimal
What provides radiographic contrast in the retroperitoneal space?
fat within the omentum and mesentary
Abnormalities are easiest to see in the ______________________________and around the _________________.
retroperitoneal and falciform fat, bladder
Peritoneal effusion, hemoabdomen, uroabdomen, and bile peritonitis are potential differentials for what radiographic observation?
lack of peritoneal (serosal) detail
Free air in the peritoneal cavity is known as what?
pneumoperitoneum
Air should only be seen where on an abdominal radiograph?
GI tract
Where is evidence of pneumoperitoneum easiest to visualize?
diaphragm, ventral liver, lateral body walls, bladder
What is the best test to confirm free peritoneal gas?
horizontal beam radiograph
In a horizontal beam radiograph, how is the patient positoned?
left lateral
Why is left lateral preferred for horizontal beam radiographs when confirming peritoneal gas?
gas accumulates caudal to diaphragm on right side, positioning avoids confusion with fundus
In abdominal radiographs, you can sometimes visualize MALT only in what species?
dogs
Why are fasted radiographs important?
food obscures pathology, not ideal for sedation
How can the stomach's gas help us in a VD view?
gas fills the body, fluid fills fundus and pylorus
How can the stomach's gas help us in a DV view?
gas fills fundus and pylorus, fluid fills stomach body
How can the stomachs gas help us in a R lateral view?
gas fills fundus, fluid fills pylorus and proximal duodenum
How can the stomachs gas help us in a L lateral view?
gas fills pylorus and proximal duodenum, fluid fills fundus
Increase in soft tissue at the pyloroduodenal junction as well as fluid/gas filled dilated of the stomach can be radiographic signs of what?
pyloric outflow obstruction
What is the location of the small intestine?
right ventrolateral abdomen
Small intestinal measurement diameter is compared to the height of what?
L5 vertebral body
What is the normal small intestinal measurements in a dog?
<1.6mm
What is the normal small intestinal measurements in a cat?
Wall thickening can be determined off of radiographs. True/False
False
What is the best modality for evaluating the wall?
ultrasound
The layers of the intestinal wall that start with S are hyperechoic/hypoechoic?
hyperechoic
The layers of the intestinal wall that start with M are hyperechoic/hypoechoic?
hypoechoic
What is the thickest layer on the GI ultrasound?
mucosa
What is the normal width of the duodenal wall in a dog?
<5mm
What is the normal width of the duodenal wall in a cat?
2-4mm
What is the normal width of the jejunum and ileum wall in both dogs and cats?
2-3mm (ileum slightly thicker)
Administration of gas into the colon is used to increase conspicuity of the colon. This procedure is known as what?
pneumocolonogram
The colon should be thinner/thicker than the small intestine.
thinner
What is the normal width of the colon wall in both dogs and cats?
1-2.5mm
The pancreas is not seen radiographically in what species?
dogs
In what species is the stomach more J shaped?
cats
In cats, the pylorus is closer to the ____________.
midline
Some cats store fat within _________________ making that fat layer opaque.
submucosal layer of stomach
How is the cecum different in cats?
smaller and not gas filled
The ________ limb of the pancreas is largest in the cat.
left
Where can the left limb of the pancreas be seen in the cat?
medial to the spleen on VD/DV
What can cause ventral abdominal displacement of organs in cats?
retroperitoneal fat
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