Day 9 Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Radiography

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53 Terms

1

How should you collimate an abdominal radiograph?

center beam caudal to last rib

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2

When collimating for an abdominal radiograph, you should include ______________ cranially and ______________________ caudally.

diaphragm, coxofemoral joints

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3

Why is VD the preferred view for GI radiographs?

allows organs to spread, easier positioning, comfort

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4

What are the cons to the VD view for GI radiographs?

may worsen respiratory compromise

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5

When might you use a DV view?

if the patient has respiratory issues

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6

What are the cons to a DV view?

organs are squished closer and kidneys are obscured

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7

Which radiographic view is used to evaluate stomach contents?

DV

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8

When taking lateral projections, you should always do what?

include L and R lateral

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9

In large animal abdominal radiographic imaging, visceral detail is poor. True/False

true

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10

When may you use abdominal radiographs in horses?

sand and enterolith checks

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11

When may you use abdominal radiographs in cattle?

ruminal foreign bodies

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12

When may you use abdominal radiographs in pigs, goats, or sheep?

foreign bodies, intestinal obstructions, urethral obstructions

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13

The ________________ is the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum.

peritoneal cavity

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14

In health, the peritoneal cavity contains a _________ volume of fluid for lubricaiton.

minimal

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15

What provides radiographic contrast in the retroperitoneal space?

fat within the omentum and mesentary

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16

Abnormalities are easiest to see in the ______________________________and around the _________________.

retroperitoneal and falciform fat, bladder

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17

Peritoneal effusion, hemoabdomen, uroabdomen, and bile peritonitis are potential differentials for what radiographic observation?

lack of peritoneal (serosal) detail

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18

Free air in the peritoneal cavity is known as what?

pneumoperitoneum

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19

Air should only be seen where on an abdominal radiograph?

GI tract

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20

Where is evidence of pneumoperitoneum easiest to visualize?

diaphragm, ventral liver, lateral body walls, bladder

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21

What is the best test to confirm free peritoneal gas?

horizontal beam radiograph

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22

In a horizontal beam radiograph, how is the patient positoned?

left lateral

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23

Why is left lateral preferred for horizontal beam radiographs when confirming peritoneal gas?

gas accumulates caudal to diaphragm on right side, positioning avoids confusion with fundus

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24

In abdominal radiographs, you can sometimes visualize MALT only in what species?

dogs

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25

Why are fasted radiographs important?

food obscures pathology, not ideal for sedation

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26

How can the stomach's gas help us in a VD view?

gas fills the body, fluid fills fundus and pylorus

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27

How can the stomach's gas help us in a DV view?

gas fills fundus and pylorus, fluid fills stomach body

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28

How can the stomachs gas help us in a R lateral view?

gas fills fundus, fluid fills pylorus and proximal duodenum

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29

How can the stomachs gas help us in a L lateral view?

gas fills pylorus and proximal duodenum, fluid fills fundus

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30

Increase in soft tissue at the pyloroduodenal junction as well as fluid/gas filled dilated of the stomach can be radiographic signs of what?

pyloric outflow obstruction

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31

What is the location of the small intestine?

right ventrolateral abdomen

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32

Small intestinal measurement diameter is compared to the height of what?

L5 vertebral body

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33

What is the normal small intestinal measurements in a dog?

<1.6mm

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34

What is the normal small intestinal measurements in a cat?

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35

Wall thickening can be determined off of radiographs. True/False

False

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36

What is the best modality for evaluating the wall?

ultrasound

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37

The layers of the intestinal wall that start with S are hyperechoic/hypoechoic?

hyperechoic

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38

The layers of the intestinal wall that start with M are hyperechoic/hypoechoic?

hypoechoic

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39

What is the thickest layer on the GI ultrasound?

mucosa

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40

What is the normal width of the duodenal wall in a dog?

<5mm

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41

What is the normal width of the duodenal wall in a cat?

2-4mm

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42

What is the normal width of the jejunum and ileum wall in both dogs and cats?

2-3mm (ileum slightly thicker)

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43

Administration of gas into the colon is used to increase conspicuity of the colon. This procedure is known as what?

pneumocolonogram

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44

The colon should be thinner/thicker than the small intestine.

thinner

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45

What is the normal width of the colon wall in both dogs and cats?

1-2.5mm

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46

The pancreas is not seen radiographically in what species?

dogs

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47

In what species is the stomach more J shaped?

cats

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48

In cats, the pylorus is closer to the ____________.

midline

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49

Some cats store fat within _________________ making that fat layer opaque.

submucosal layer of stomach

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50

How is the cecum different in cats?

smaller and not gas filled

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51

The ________ limb of the pancreas is largest in the cat.

left

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52

Where can the left limb of the pancreas be seen in the cat?

medial to the spleen on VD/DV

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53

What can cause ventral abdominal displacement of organs in cats?

retroperitoneal fat

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