CSET MS Subtest 1 US History

Christopher Columbus

1492

looking for trade route to the East Indies, spices, inspired by Marco Polo

sponsored by Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain

reached the Americas thinking it was the Indies, met Natives

Amerigo Vespucci

realized it was a new land, not the Indies

Age of Discovery

Europeans looking for new ways to make money

Rivalries over new lands

English Colonies

New England, middle, and southern colonies in North America - geographical diversity, distinct economic regions

development of self-government, strong middle class (from Europe), prevalent Protestant religion, greater religious tolerance

relishing in Britain’s neglect - fled religious, economic, political repression in Europe

French and Indian War

1756-1763 (Seven Year War)

French vs British and Indian tribes over the rights to the Ohio River Valley

British government taxes American colonists to help pay for cost of war

Opposition to taxation without representation - leads to revolution

Outcome: Sugar Act 1764, Stamp Act 1765, Quartering Act 1765, Boston Massacre 1770, Boston Tea Party 1773

American Revolution 1776-81

Declaration of Independence

13 colonies vs Britain (King George)

Lexington and Concord 1775 - shot heard around the world

Colonists were under equipped

Washington’s continental army defeats Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781

Articles of Confederation

1781-89

no federal government power

couldn’t draft an army - no defense

couldn’t regulate anything - no peace

Constitutional Convention

1787 Philadelphia

James Madison’s notes - father of the Constitution

Virginia Plan - three branches of government, checks and balances

Great Compromise - combination of Virginia and New Jersey plans

Three Branches of Government

Legislative - House and Senate, represents the people, laws

Executive - President, VP, cabinet, veto power, head of military, makes treaties

Judicial - federal court system, supreme court, 9 justices appointed by the President for life

Checks and Balances - many decisions must be approved by another branch

Great Compromise

Congress becomes two houses

House of Representatives - representation based on population

Senate - equal representation

the Constitution

1789

strong central govenrment

Federalists

political party led by Alexander Hamilton - financial plan, started the National Bank

wanted a strong Federal government

Democratic Republicans

political party led by Thomas Jefferson

wanted the States government to have the power, focus on farming

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation

George Washington’s foreign policy - weak and ineffectual

didn’t choose a side when France and Britain went to war

Britain is the motherland, France helped US win the Revolution vs Britain

Adams’ Alien and Sedition Acts

only Federalist President - unpopular and only serves 1 term

tough on immigration

took away 1st Amendment rights from the people - no speaking out against the Federalist government

Louisiana Purchase of 1803

Jefferson buys land from France

doubles the size of the US

War of 1812

1812-15 War with England again

England violates neutrality by ship-jacking the US and imprisoning US sailors

James Madison (4th President) declares war and US wins

Other countries start seeing US as formidable - Nationalism

Era of Good Feelings

dominance and successes of the Republican Party

Monroe Doctrine

Latin American revolutionaries looking to the US for help

US opposition of European colonization

joint foreign policy with England against other European powers

Jacksonian Democracy

Andrew Jackson (7th President)

loved by the common man - grew up poor and was a military hero in 1812

war against bank and tariffs

favored a strong National government

Manifest Destiny

expansion West - God’s will

Alamo and annexation of Texas

California and parts of the Southwest - acquired through War with Mexico

Discovery of Gold - Oregon Trail

Geography of New England

not good for large scale agriculture - no need for slaves

many waterways - source of power

textile industry manufacturing

Industrialization of the North

factories with Lowell textile mills

canals for transporting goods between the North and the West

textile industry grows

Geography of the South

large scale agriculture thanks to coastal plains and rain

indigo, rice, tobacco - cash crops

cotton becomes the staple of the south

King Cotton

expensive to produce at first - labor intensive

cotton needed for textile plants in Northern U.S., Britain, and France

spread of cotton plantations - need for more laborers

7th century - African slave trade

Missouri Compromise of 1820

free states vs slave states - should slavery be allowed to expand

Missouri comes in the U.S. as a slave state

Maine comes in the U.S. as a free state

kept it balanced

Compromise of 1850

California comes into the US as a free state

territorial government for Utah and New Mexico

established a boundary between Texas and the US

abolished slave trade in Washington, DC

amended the Fugitive Slave Act.

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

popular sovereignty - let the people vote for free or slave state

bleeding Kansas - people came in to try to vote

36º30 line

Dred Scott

tried to fight for his freedom - was a slave but his owner took him to a free state

Supreme Court ruled he was still a slave - 5 justices from the South, 4 from the North

Slaves were not seen as citizens

Secession

1860 Lincoln is elected President without any Southern states’ votes - Democratic Republican party votes were split between 3 candidates

Electoral College

Southern States sucede from the US and become the Confederate States

Civil War of 1861-65

North - superiority in manpower, firepower, and economic resources (all factories were in the North)

South - starts running out of supplies but had leadership advantages and homefield advantages

more deaths and damange than any US wars combined

Battle of Gettysburg 1863

turning point of Civil War

ended the South’s chances for foreign recognition as the Confederacy

economic and military weakness lead to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox in 1865

Reconstruction 1865-76

VP Johnson takes over Presidency after Lincoln is assassinated

Radical Republicans in Congress wanted to punish the South but Johnson did not (impeachment attempts)

KKK vs freedmen - lynching, intimidation

13th Amendment

outlawed slavery

Homestead Act 1862

encouraged people to move West by incentivizing land ownership

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

extremely tough on immigration from China

discrimination against the Chinese within the US as well

Industrial Growth

patents grow exponentially after Civil War - advancements in tech

assembly line and mass production - expansion of markets at home and abroad

growth of steel, mining, electric, petroleum, textile, and food processing

Labor Unions

unionization of laborers - especially immigrant workers whose rights were not being protected in factories

hours, wages, age

changes in social, economic, and political systems

rise of cities - immigrants lived together in communities

Sherman 1890 and Clayton Anti-Trust Acts 1914

regulated interstate commerce - specifically the traveling of goods from one state to another

Workers Laws

government intervention

workmen’s compensation, child labor laws, working conditions

moves the nation from a farming nation to an industrialized nation

Spanish Mission System 1769

goal was for the Spanish to gain a foothold in California before the Russians

spread the Christian faith to the Native Americans - baptizing, mistreatment, dehumanization

spread cultural/technological advancements - agricultural self sufficiency (replaced hunter-gatherer society)

Missions, Pueblos, and Presidios

system to maintain Spain’s control over Native Americans

Pueblos - towns run by the Spanish governor

Presidios - military forts

Missions - strategically placed every 21 miles down the California coast

California Gold Rush 1848-52

Sutter’s Mill - gold was discovered in the river in 1848

Gold Fever - US and global epidemic

miner methods advanced - panning, rocker, long trough, hydraulic pumps

economic, political, environmental impacts - Native American population decreased 80%, racial discrimination/scapegoating, employment,

Native American Origins

have lived in California for 15,000 years

earliest inhabitants of California

migrated across the Bering Strait between Asia and North America

hunter-gather societies

Geographically Diverse Tribes

Northern Tribes - rainforests, lagoons, coastal bays, rivers, abundant food sources

Central Tribes - central valley, Sierra Nevada’s rivers and stream, staples were acorns and salmon, dome homes

Southern Tribes - acorns, deer, rabbits, native plants, ewa’s (homes built with willow branches/reeds)

Organization - independent villages governed internally with chieftains, system of lineage of family descent and clans

Linguistic and cultural differences influenced by unique geography

Native American Religion

animistic - belief that the natural world is alive with spirits, natural elements were worshipped and revered

shaman - medicine man leading religious activities and the tribes doctor and healer

their rituals and religious activities were labeled as witchcraft by European colonists

Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro

Spanish Conquistadors who conquered the Aztecs and Inca

Stories of exploitation and trickery

brought infectious diseases that caused the Native American population to significantly decline

Rancho System

property is distributed to rancheros as land grants - Native American indentured servants

mission system abolished in 1834 - Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, growing criticism of system

Mexican American War 1846-48

Texas declared independence from Mexico and became a state in 1845

boundary and borderland disputes between Mexico and the US

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

Mexico paid $15M and gave up land

California became part of the US as a free state 1850

Mexicans could return to Mexico or stay to become a US or Mexican citizens

Progressive Era 1900-20

period of reform - women, middle-class, urban people

Popular Sovereignty

direct election of senators, railroad regulation, secret ballet, income tax - ideas carried over from the populist era

Hiram Johnson - broke railroads grip on the state, direct democracy, power to recall state officials

Muckrakers

authors and journalists that exposed societal issues

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle - helped expose issues leading to the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act (Roosevelt Presidency)

Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives - photographs of poor living conditions

Transcontinental Railroad 1863-1869

railroad system across the continent

immigration labor - Irish and Chinese

helped open the West to migration and with expanding the American economy

California Constitution

1849 - 48 delegates met up to draw it up

established borders, permitted women to own property, free state, but women native americans chinese and black people could not vote

Progressive movement’s belief of popular sovereignty influenced 1911 new state constitution - gave women the right to vote before the 19th amendment

Key Principles of the California Constitution

Initiative - right to place proposed laws on the CA ballot

Referendum - amendment that has passed the state legislatture is then placed on the election ballot

Recall - removal of elected official from office

1911 Progressive reformers added 23 amendments - women’s suffrage, workers compensation, new railroad commission, and the initiative, referendum, and recall

Chinese Immigration

Angel Island SF - entry point for immigrants on the west coast

economic opportunities - gold, railroads, discrimination

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 - barred Chinese immigration and citizenship

Japanese Immigration

economic opportunities

Gentleman’s Agreement 1907 - picture brides allowed to immigrate but not men

internment camps - WWII Pearl Harbor attacks led to Japanese discrimination and forced relocation and detainment (Roosevelt)

Mexican Immigration

gold rush, farm workers, correlates with prejudice of other ethnic groups and WWII loss of labor supply, deportation

Bracero Program - guest worker program, 4 million workers

1930s Dust Bowl

dust storms caused massive migrations from New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Colorado to California

“Okies” faced discrimination and looked for agricultural work in CA

Major excess of farm workers in CA

Steinbeck’s the Grapes of Wrath

Immigration Act of 1965

immigration policies drastically changed to be equitable (aligns with Civil Rights Movement)

immigration based on existing families and quotas based on hemispheres not counties

ethnic changes to US

Roaring 20s

Panama Canal opened in 1914 - international trade

oil discovered in Los Angeles

moviemaking - birth of Hollywood

CA’s fruit production (oranges, olives, nuts)

Great Depression 1930s

major unemployment, foreclosures, bank failures

influences economy detrimentally

WWII revived the economy - increased manufacturing (war supplies), need for defense and public services, Eisenhower created the Interstate Highway System

California Water Resources

rain does not fall equitably - most rain happens in the north, high demand in the arid south

San Francisco Water Supply - aqueduct brings water from the reservoir to city of SF

Owens Lake and Mono Lake have been negatively impacted in efforts to bring more water to LA

Central Valley Project - 1930s project to bring water from Northern to Southern California

Agriculture - largest consumer of water in CA