CTPN Basics

1. Physiological Needs

These are basic survival needs like food, water, air, sleep, and shelter.

2. Safety Needs

Once physiological needs are met, people seek security and protection from physical and emotional harm.

3. Love and Belongingness Needs

Humans crave relationships, affection, and a sense of connection with others.

4. Esteem Needs

This level involves the desire for respect, self-esteem, recognition, and accomplishment.

5. Self-Actualization

At the top, individuals strive to realize their full potential and pursue personal growth and fulfillment.

Subjective Data

Information based on personal opinions, feelings, or experiences

Objective Data

Information that can be observed or measured using 4 senses

Examples of subjective data

Pain, anxiety, sleepiness

Examples of objective data

VS, rash, test results, vomiting

Define Patricia Benner's Novice to Expert Theory

model describing how nurses develop clinical competence through five levels: Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient, and Expert.

Novice level

Beginners with no experience; rely on rules and guidelines to perform tasks.

Advanced Beginner level

Nurses have some experience and begin to recognize recurring meaningful components but still need guidance.

Competent level

Nurses with 2–3 years of experience; can plan and make decisions more efficiently but lack speed and flexibility.

Proficient level

Nurses see situations holistically, understand long-term goals, and make decisions based on experience.

Expert level

Intuitive grasp of clinical situations; fluid, flexible, and highly skilled with deep understanding.

What is the main idea behind Benner’s theory?

Clinical knowledge and skills develop over time through experience and education—not just through formal learning.

Primary Source

information obtained directly from the patient

Secondary source

information gathered from someone or something other than the patient

Examples of primary source

• The patient describing their pain level or symptoms.

• A patient’s explanation of their medical history.

• Direct observations of the patient's physical or emotional state by the nurse (e.g., noticing a rash or labored breathing).

Examples of secondary source

• Family members, caregivers, or significant others giving information about the patient.

• Medical records, lab results, diagnostic reports.

• Reports from other healthcare professionals (e.g., physician’s notes, physical therapy evaluations).

Delegation

the transfer of responsibility for the performance of a task from one individual to another while retaining accountability for the outcome.

Right Task

the task must be appropriate to delegate (e.g., stable patient care, basic procedures).

Right Circumstance

The situation must be suitable (e.g., patient condition is stable and predictable).

Right Person

The delegate must be competent and legally allowed to perform the task.

Right Direction/Communication

Clear, specific instructions must be given (e.g., when to report, what to watch for).

Right Supervision/Evaluation

The nurse must monitor, evaluate outcomes, and provide feedback.