The Federal Judiciary

Explain why federal court justices are appointed, rather than elected.

• Ensures judicial independence from public opinion and politics

• Allows judges to rule based on law and the Constitution, not elections

• Protects minority rights from majority pressure

• Reflects the Framers’ goal of a neutral, independent judiciary

Explain how the life tenure of justices leads to controversy over Supreme Court nominations

• Justices serve for life (unless they retire or are impeached)

• Appointments can shape law for decades

• High stakes make nominations politically controversial

• Senate confirmation hearings often focus on ideology

• Increased partisanship intensifies disputes

Describe the Supreme Court’s role in policymaking and how Congress and the president may limit the powers of the Supreme Court. 

Congressional Limits

• Can amend the Constitution to overturn Court decisions.

• Has the power to change the size of the Supreme Court.

• Controls the Court’s jurisdiction and federal court structure.

• Can impeach justices for misconduct.

• Passes laws to clarify or revise statutes interpreted by the Court.

Presidential Limits

• Appoints justices who reflect the president’s judicial philosophy.

• Can influence public opinion through speeches and statements.

• Enforces (or shapes the enforcement of) Court decisions through the executive branch.

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