Studied by 5 people
least developed
high birth rate which is fluctuating as there's no contraception
lots of children as infant mortality rate is high
high death rate which is fluctuating due to poor healthcare/famine and life expectancy is low
e.g. tribes in Brazil
not very developed, LIC zone
high birth rate as economy is based on agriculture so people have children to work on farms
lower death rate as better healthcare increases
e.g. Gambia
more developed, NEE zone
birth rate falls rapidly as the use of contraception increases + more women work instead of having children/ economy changes from farming to manufacturing so fewer children are needed for manual labour
improved healthcare means that the death rate falls and life expectancy increases
e.g. India
most developed, HIC zone
low birth rates as people expect a high standard of living and may have dependent elderly relatives so there is not enough money available for children
healthcare is good so death rate is low and life expectancy is high
e.g. UK and Japan
A Poor Climate
varied climates where not much will grow meaning less food, undernourishment have a low quality of life
Poor Farming Land
steep or infertile land, limited crop production leading to malnourishment
Few Raw Materials
limited raw materials, less exports, no development money
some countries have resources, no money to exploit them
Lots of Natural Disasters
money spent on rebuilding, low quality of life
Poor Trade Links
poor trade links = limited money made, less to spend on development
Lots of Debt
money has to be repaid with interest, less money for development
An Economy Based on Primary Products
countries that export primary products tend to be less developed because they're sold for less profit than manufactured goods
Colonisation
European countries colonised many countries in Asia, Africa, Australasia and America between the 16th and 20th centuries removing raw materials and sold back manufactured goods meaning profits went to colonisers not the colonised countries, increasing inequality
prevented countries from developing their own industries
Conflict
war/civil wars slow development, money spent on war
war contributes to decreased healthcare, higher infant mortality rates and a decline in literacy rates
Wealth
people in more developed countries = obtain higher incomes = varied standard of living
in 2017, the richest 10% of Kenya's population earned, on average, 23x more than the poorest 10%
Health
HIC's live longer, e.g. the UK's life expectancy is 81, but Chad is on 53
in 2016, diarrhoea is estimated to have killed over 1.4 million people in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
International Migration
people from LIC's/NEE's move to HIC's to escape conflict or to improve their quality of life
e.g. 130000+ people move from mexico (NEE) the the USA (HIC) legally each year in search of better jobs + quality of life
migrant workers contribute to the economies of HIC's they move to instead of the LIC's they leave further widening the development gap
FDI (foregin-direct investment)is where people buy property in another country or invest
increases access to finance, technology + expertise,
improves the services
e.g. between 1987 and 2018, Vietnam received FDI worth more than US $182 billion , developed motorbike manufacturing and telecommunications
2018-19, UK provided £180+ million to South Sudan funding 17 projects, improving access to water, healthcare and education
can be wasted by corrupt governments/ runs out
have to pay producers a fair price + premium extra
2016, fair trade tea farmers in Malawi used some of their premium to expand their local hospital, build a new school and install a pipeline for clean water
tiny proportion of the extra money reaches the producers, rest boosts retailers' profits
affordable and simple tools, machines and systems that improve quality of life
e.g. solar-powered LED light bulbs used in parts of Nepal compared to polluting kerosene lamps
small loans are given to LIC's to start their own businesses becoming financially independent
Amhara region of Ethiopia, benefited from higher incomes, invested in more livestock
can cause problems by encouraging people to get into debt but it's not clear that it can reduce poverty on a large scale
some/all of country's debt is cancelled, interest rates lowered, country has more money for development
Zambia had $4 billion of debt cancelled in 2005, in 2006, the country had enough money to start a free healthcare scheme for millions of people in rural areas
De-industrialisation
UK's industrial base declined as increased automation (machines) led to job losses in secondary sector
became more expensive in UK to manufacture from cheaper labour abroad, UK factories closed
manufacturing moved overseas, labour costs are cheaper e.g. M&S manufactures clothes in India and China
TNC's have moved some of their tertiary/quaternary operations to the UK e.g. Apple employed nearly 6500 people in the UK
trade is an increasing part of the UK GDP; proportion of UK GDP that comes from foreign trade increased from 38% in 1965 to 62% in 2017
1980's, key manufacturing industries had been owned/run by government were privatised e.g. steel and ship-building leading to job losses but increased efficiency
since 1980's, government carried out lots of deregulation - removing restrictions and taxes on businesses to encourage entrepreneurs and investors to move to the UK attracting tertiary + quaternary industries e.g financial institutions
factories may release pollution of greenhouse gases + running them + lots of energy + water
extracting raw materials damages the environment by destroying habitats and releases toxic chemicals into water courses
e.g. Unicorn Group produces various products (bins/floor tiles) in Lisburn, Northern Ireland. Installed solar panels and biomass boilers in its factory, 100% renewable sources, recycling left over steel and plastic
North Somerset
rural area in south-west England
population increased 7.8% between 2005-15; many people moved to towns/villages near Bristol
houses prices rose by 6.7% in 2017-18, pricing out locals but employment/wages are above national average
congestion with commuters to Bristol and services are oversubscribed + elderly move to this area pressuring healthcare.
South Lakeland, Cumbria
rural county in north west England including the Lake District National Park
population decreased by 0.8% from 2005-15 due to a decline in jobs [mainly agriculture]
In Barrow, shops like Gamestation has closed,
younger people left, higher proportion of older people, strained medical services and social care; continued decline = schools may close.
lower wages in north e.g. 2014 avg weekly wage in Huddersfield was 40% lower than in London
Health is worse in the north e.g. life expectancy for male babies born in Glasgow in 2012 was 72.6 years but in East Dorset it was 82.9 years
GCSE results are better in the South of England than in the Midlands/North
However, the north has wealthy areas like parts of Cheshire and the South has high areas of deprivation like Cornwall.
Developing More Powers:
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own devolved governments and some powers are being devolved to local councils in England too
money on schemes to benefit community e.g. developing public transport
attracts investment into north, improving transport links between northern cities; plan includes extending the coverage of super fast broadband and spending £70 million on improving schooling
however, more focused on Manchester than smaller towns and cities in the north, limited development as a whole
Note 
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