Untitled Flashcards Set

Orient

An imaginative geography constructed by Europeans, representing the East as a distinct entity shaped by Western views.

Eugène Delacroix

A painter whose works exemplified European artistic interpretations of the East, contributing to Western perceptions of the Orient.

Orientalism

A system of knowledge about the East produced from a Western perspective, often stereotyping and exaggerating cultural differences.

Napoleon's occupation of Egypt

A key moment that contributed to the development of European knowledge and ideological formation of the Orient.

Edward Said

A scholar who critiqued the Western construction of the East and defined Orientalism as a system of knowledge influenced by colonialism.

Hadrami diaspora

The movement of people from Tarim Yemen across the Indian Ocean, forming mixed communities and illustrating inter-Asian mobility.

Peranakan Indians

Communities formed through intermarriage between Indian traders and local populations in Southeast Asia, exemplifying cultural blending.

Marshlands in Iraq

Distinct wetland areas that support the Marsh Arab community, characterized by non-state spaces and ecological significance.

Ottoman influence on Marshlands

Attempts by the Ottoman Empire to economically incorporate the marshes without draining them, using measures like the Buffalo tax.

Ba'athist drainage projects

Large-scale drainage of the marshlands carried out by the Ba'athist government, significantly impacting the Marsh Arab community.

Opium trade

The central commodity smuggled by Britain into China to address trade deficits, leading to major socio-economic consequences.

East India Company

British company that played a crucial role in facilitating the opium trade from India to China.

Opium triangle

The trade route involving opium from India to China, silver from China to Britain, and textiles from Britain to India.

Lin Zexu

Qing Viceroy who attempted to ban the opium trade in China, representing resistance against colonial exploitation.

First Opium War (1839-1842)

Conflict resulting from China's attempts to stop the opium trade, leading to British victory and imposition of unequal treaties.

Pan Asianism

A movement advocating for solidarity among Asian peoples to resist Western domination and promote cultural unity.

Okakura Kakuzo

A key figure associated with the development of Pan-Asianism, promoting shared Asian heritage.

Pan-Islamism

A movement advocating for the unity of all Islamic lands as a response to colonialism.

Jamal Al-din Afghani

A prominent figure in the Pan-Islamism movement, emphasizing Islamic unity against colonial powers.

Asian Underground

A network of early 20th-century revolutionaries seeking to challenge imperial powers through solidarity and revolutionary thought.

Tan Malaka

An Asian Underground leader who sought to connect revolutionary movements across Asia.

M.N. Roy

An important figure in the Asian Underground who advocated for anti-colonial nationalism and solidarity among revolutionaries.

National Citizenship After 1945

The redefinition of identity and belonging in Asia after the redrawing of borders and the formation of new nation-states.

Partition of British India (1947)

A catastrophic transfer of populations leading to the formation of India and Pakistan, raising questions about citizenship and identity.

Domicile status

A legal condition defining an individual's principal residence and rights in newly formed nation-states.

Burma Evacuee

Individuals displaced during the transition from British rule to independence in Burma, facing citizenship challenges.

Asian values

Cultural principles including stability, hard work, and respect that some argue contributed to economic success in various Asian countries.

Lee Kwan Yew

Singapore's Prime Minister, who emphasized Asian values as key to the nation's economic development.

Mao Zedong

Chinese leader whose successors leveraged Confucian values in post-reform China's economic strategies.

Confucian values in economic policy

Cultural principles used in various Asian nations to justify economic growth and development strategies.

Economic liberalization in China

The transition towards a market-oriented economy post-Mao, accompanied by a resurgence of Confucian values.

Critique of Asian values

Debate surrounding the use of cultural values to justify authoritarianism and suppress political freedoms.

Asian Tigers

Economically successful East and Southeast Asian countries that emphasized development often linked to Asian values.

Cultural blending in Asia

The historical process where different Asian cultures and ethnicities mixed through migration, trade, and interactions.

Historical Context of Opium Wars

The economic and social issues in China that led to British colonial powers imposing the opium trade.

Responses to colonialism in Asia

Pan-Asianism and Pan-Islamism as ideological responses advocating for unity and solidarity against Western powers.

Burma's post-colonial challenges

The difficulties faced by Indian migrants in Burma after gaining independence, highlighting issues of citizenship.

National identity post-independence

The shift towards defined citizenship laws that created categories of statelessness in various Asian nation-states.

Rohingya crisis in Myanmar

Ongoing issues of statelessness and citizenship for the Rohingya people due to national laws and policies.

Economic pathways in Asia

The various approaches taken by Asian countries towards development and the role of cultural values in shaping these strategies.

Criticism of cultural determinism

Concerns about oversimplifying complex socio-economic outcomes by attributing them solely to cultural values.

Impact of state loyalty on citizenship

The rise of national citizenship laws emphasizing loyalty to the state post-World War II.

Social implications of statelessness

Consequences faced by populations categorized as stateless in terms of rights and belonging in newly formed nations.

Interconnectedness in Asian histories

Recognition of the long-standing relations and exchanges between Asian societies contradicting notions of isolation.