GCSE History- Health and medicine

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347 Terms

1

Key factors that influenced diseases

  • beliefs (religions and superstitions)

  • role of individuals

  • communication

  • chance

  • war

  • government

  • science and development

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2

medieval period

1000 AD to 1500

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3

Medieval ideas about diseases

  • very limited medical knowledge- no knowledge of germs

  • blood poisoning common

  • death by wars

  • no idea about sanitation and causes of illness

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4

Hippocrates

father of modern medicine- was an ancient greek philosopher who thought he needed to know how the body works in order to treat diseases

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5

Hippocrates’ theories on diseases

the ‘four humours’- 4 substances that make up the body

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6

The four humours

black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm- 4 substances that made up the human body

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7

hippocratic oath

pledge to not do harm to a patient

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8

Hippocrates’ belief on healing patients

bleeding or purging

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9

Claudius Galen

made major breakthroughs in anatomy, lived in Rome and found may useful information by dissections

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10

Church’s belief on medicine in medieval period

sickness was the divine punishment of sin

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11

Year of the black death

1348

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12

percentage of British population killed from black death

40%

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13

Medieval beliefs for the causes of diseases

Punishment from God, Miasma, Astrology, unbalanced humors

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14

Methods of preventing disease by punishment of God

Praying regularly, attending church

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15

Methods of treating diseases by punishment from God

Herbal remedies

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16

Methods of preventing diseases by miasma

taking a bath, using rushes and herbs like lavender, carrying sweet smelling flowers

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17

Method of treating diseases by miasma

Removing filth of the streets (ordered by King Edward III to Lord Mayor)

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18

Methods of preventing diseases by astrology

no method of prevention

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19

Method of treating diseases by astrology

movements of sun, moon, stars and planets affected people’s bodies, zodiac charts used to show when to treat each part of body

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20

Method of preventing diseases by unbalanced humors

healthy diet: eating too much frowned upon, purging and laxatives

Regimen sanitatis- instructions provided by a physician to live a healthy life

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21

Method of treating diseases by unbalanced humors

bleeding, blood letting through leeches

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22

Middle ages

medieval times

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23

phlegm

water in the body

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24

Yellow bile

Puss (WBC), vomit

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25

black bile

blood clots, excrement

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26

Galen’s theory of opposites

Galen’s theory where each humor needed to be in complete balance to be healthy

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27

Hippocrates’ ideas

the universe made of 4 basic elements which was also in the body

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28

Reasons for popularity of theory of opposites and theory of four humors

supported by the church as it didn’t contradict ideas of God

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29

Galen’s incorrect beliefs

heart controlling speech

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30

Impact of Galen’s work

ideas lasted more than 1400 years, his books supported by the church, doctors used his theories for next 1000 years, dissections still used today

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31

Women training (medieval)

knowledge passed down generations, ‘wise women’, midwives

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32

Use of women treating diseases (medieval)

Most treated at home by female member of family

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33

treatments women gave (medieval)

mainly herbal remedies (eg. honey to fight infections)

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34

Physicians training (medieval)

trained at university, watching dissections while listening to lecturer reading from Galen’s books

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35

Use of Physicians (medieval)

highest ranking doctors, afforded only by the wealthy, only diagnosed, did not treat

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36

Amount of Physicians in 1300s England

less than 100 (<100)

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37

Physicians treatments (medieval)

treatments based on four humors. eg. bleeding, purging, advising to life a ‘healthy life’

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38

Surgeons training (medieval)

trained by watching others, apprenticeship (women), guilds of master surgeons

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39

Use of surgeons (medieval)

people with a bit of money

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40

Surgeon treatments (medieval)

most surgery performed by ‘barber surgeons’, simple operations, offered: blood letting, tooth extractions, amputations

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41

John Bradmore (medieval)

developed forceps to remove arrowheads following the prince of Wales being wounded on a battlefield

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42

Henri de Mondville (medieval)

a french army surgeon who taught his students to bathe and cleanse wounds then closing them up quickly- disagreeing with Galen’s theory of letting wounds form pus.

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43

Problems with surgeries (medieval)

  • infections

  • only simple operations (lack of knowledge)

  • no anaesthesia (pain)

  • blood loss

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44

Blood letting

patient bleeding on purpose to balance the four humors and cure them

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45

problems with blood letting

often patients bled too long and died from blood loss

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46

Examples of issues with blood letting

US President George Washington died of blood letting

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47

Amount of children who died before age 7 (medieval)

30%- due to poor medical care and malnourishment

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48

Amount of England’s population killed through dysentery, typhoid, smallpox and measles (medieval)

10% of English population killed

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49

Towns in medieval times

more dangerous, due to higher density of people, causing more disease to spread

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50

Barber Surgeons

unqualified surgeons who carried out minor operations for most people

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51

Women’s role in medieval times

family members and midwives

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52

Physician’s work (medieval)

looked at sample of urine, blood and faeces, consulted star charts

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53

Use of Medieval hospitals

used as a place to rest and recover- mostly located in monasteries

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54

cause of diseases at home (medieval)

homes heated using open fires, caused smoky air (miasma)

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55

treatment of disease for illiterates

went to physicians and looked to God

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56

Reason for black death because of astronomy

star charts in 13448 showed ‘bad alignment’ of stars, blamed for black death

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57

fever reasons (medieval)

too much blood, cold, too much phlegm, depression, lack of black bile

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58

Use of baths (medieval)

prevent blockages of humors

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59

Boiling foxes in water and bathing with it (medieval)

foxes’ water making them more aware and back to healthy

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60

Christianity helping medical knowledge

  • copies of ancient books made (incl. Galen) after collapse of Roman empire- used to teach barber surgeons

  • hospitals founded in middle ages as part of monasteries (similar to modern care homes)

  • Nuns cared for patients in hospitals- food and herbal remedies given

  • Saints linked to different illnesses, people prayed to particular saints for help

  • mass said 7 times a day

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61

Hospitals in England by 1400

500 hospitals (most were very small with only space for 10 patients)

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62

Lord Mayor Richard Wittington hospitals

paid for an 8 bed hospital in London for unmarried pregnant women

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63

Leper houses

built outside towns to separate people with Leprosy from rest of society

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64

Christianity hindering medical knowledge

  • church controlled universities were Physicians trained, teaching only Galen’s ideas

  • held back scientific knowledge

  • did not like physicians challenging traditional ideas

  • people told to pray as ‘most important treatment was prayer’

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65

al-razi

A doctor who helped plan the building of the first documented general hospital in the world in Baghdad (modern day afghanistan) which opened in 805 AD, wrote over 200 books and were translated into Latin and used to teach in many universities, first to work out difference between smallpox and measles, believed in observation and seeking natural causes

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66

Ibn Sina

astronomer and doctor who wrote many books including ‘canon of medicine’ in 1025 which was the most well known, first doctors to build on works of Galen

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67

Islamic medicine compared to English medicine (medieval)

considered to be more advanced with new discoveries and developments in Islamic kingdoms

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68

Communication in Islamic medicine

doctors travelled frequently to the Holy land with crusaders and learned new ideas from Islamic kingdoms (war helping progess)

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69

Black death mortality rate

40% of english population died from disease

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70

Black death year

1348

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71

Black death international impact

spread across europe

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72

First instance of black death

23rd June 1348

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73

transmission of black death disease

carried by sailors with flea bites

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74

Symptoms of black death

Swelling with pneumonic plague or bubonic plague and ended with death

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75

pneumonic plague

caused respiration and breathing issues and fevers

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76

Bubonic plague

buboes- caused tennis ball sized swellings, lung restrictions and swollen arms

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77

effect of black death after 18 months

half of population infected and dead

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78

Plague carts

carts used to carry dead bodies which were later piled up

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79

Black death blame

miasma, astrology, God punishing humans, four humors out of balance, anti-semitism, earthquake in China

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80

Most common victims of the black death

priests due to being on patients bedside- causing infections

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81

Places with most severe impact due to black death

Norwich- second largest city at the time- overcrowding caused more infections

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82

Effect of black death on Norwich

5000 of 7000 population died

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83

Time taken for population recovery

400 years to return population to pre-black death population levels in England

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84

Flagellants (medieval)

people who whipped themselves and each other while walking around to prove to God their confessions

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85

Treatments of black death

  • praying to God and going to church

  • making human sized candles and burning it

  • avoid eating too much

  • avoid baths

  • avoid sex

  • avoid plague victims

  • clean filth from streets

  • bathe in urine

  • drink mixture of vinegar and mercury

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86

year that black death completely goes away

1350- entirely goes away

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87

buboles

red humps that was a symptom of the black death

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88

problems with public health in medieval times

  • overcrowded streets

  • no sewers, dirty streets- some homes had toilets overhanging streams

  • miasma in the air

  • lack of medical knowledge- based on ancient ideas of Galen and Hippocrates and arab doctors (Al-Razi, Ibn Sina)

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89

Roman public health facilities causing black death (medieval)

built in the 11th century, such as public baths, toilets, fountains and sewers were left in disrepair and destroyed by those who wanted to remove remains of romans

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90

Toilets built on bridges causing black death (medieval)

built over thames river causing waste to be washed into the city

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91

Gong farmers causing black death

emptied waste from a pit that wealthy individuals could afford to build, they would sometimes empty it into a river or another part of town

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92

Butchers causing black death (medieval)

butchers allowed to slaughter animals in towns and cities, dumping waste into streets or rivers, if the waste on the street was not washed away, it would rot and attract rats, spreading diseases

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93

solutions to waste on streets (medieval)

40p fine introduced in 1309- equivalent to £400 in 2021 for anyone who dumped rubbish in the street

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94

Solutions to butcher’s waste

butchers banned from slaughtering animals in the street

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95

muck rakers

employed to remove waste on the streets and latrines

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96

gong farmers

emptied out cesspits and would dig sewage out and take it out of the city but most would dump the waste elsewhere in the city

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97

surveyors of the pavement

employed to remove rubbish and waste from pavements

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98

cesspits

individual toilets built for wealthier individuals

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99

Bath houses (medieval)

improved public health by having 18 in London

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100

understanding of personal hygiene (medieval)

some knowledge- King John travelled with a bath tub

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