integrated Science

What is matter?

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space it is made up of particles, it can be solid liquid or gas

Changes of State

• Solid → Liquid = Melting

• Liquid → Gas = Evaporation/Boiling

• Gas → Liquid = Condensation

• Liquid → Solid = Freezing

👉 Memory tip: M E C F (Melting, Evaporation, Condensation, Freezing)

SIMPLE MACHINES (LEVERS)

Lever = bar that moves on a pivot (fulcrum)

• Effort (E) = force you apply

• Load (L) = weight moved

• Fulcrum (F) = pivot

Mechanical Advantage (MA):

👉 MA = Load ÷ Effort

Work Done:

👉 Work = Force × Distance

SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Bones → support & protect body

• Ligaments → bone to bone

• Tendons → muscle to bone

Types of Joints:

• Ball & socket → shoulder (moves all directions)

• Hinge → elbow/knee (back & forth)

• Pivot → neck (rotation)

BLOOD GROUPS

Blood	Antigen	Antibody
A	A	Anti-B
B	B	Anti-A
AB	A & B	None
O	None	Anti-A & Anti-B

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

• Must be compatible or it will clot

👉 O = universal donor

👉 AB = universal recipient

PHOTOSYNTHESIS & FOOD CHAINS

Photosynthesis = plants make food using sunlight

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

Food Chain:

• Producer → Plant

• Consumer → Animal

Food Web = many food chains connected

SOIL & HYDROPONICS

Types of Soil:

• Sandy → drains fast

• Clay → holds water

• Loam → BEST for crops

Hydroponics = growing plants without soil

Advantages:

• Faster growth

• Less space

Disadvantages:

• Expensive

• Needs monitoring

Hurricanes

Conditions:

• Warm ocean water

• Moist air

• Low pressure

Parts:

• Eye → calm center

• Eyewall → strongest winds

• Rainbands → heavy rain

Effects:

• Flooding

• Strong winds

• Damage to homes

Air masses

Air mass = large body of air with same temp & humidity

Types:

• Maritime → wet

• Continental → dry

• Tropical → warm

• Polar → cold