Env and Hum Exam #1

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71 Terms

1

Cartography

the study and practice of making and using maps

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Latitude

lines that run E to W and are measure N to S

Equator: Think “latitude flatitude”

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Longitude

lines that run N to S and are measured E to W

Prime Meridian and International dateline

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UTM (universal transverse mecrator)

precise location on a stretched projection of the globe

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PLSS (public land survey system)

precise location within a local area defined by a baseline and meridian

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the winkle-triple projection

minimize the distortions of area -- distance and direction

the earth is an oblate ellipsoid

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Environment

the circumstances or conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms. the complex of social and cultural conditions that affect an individual or community

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Environmental Science

the systematic study of our environment which is interdisciplinary and is a broad holistic study of the world around us

  • integrating natural sciences, social sciences, and the humanities

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natural sciences

geology, biology, astronomy, limnology, water resources, meteorology, agronomy, world geography

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Formal sciences

physics, math, chemistry

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Applied Sciences

engineering, food science, and space exploration

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social sciences: society and the relationships between individuals

anthropology, archaeology, economics, human geography, linguistics, management and political and communication science

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the humanities: only homo sapiens (the things that make us human)

history, philosophy, and the arts

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other areas of environmental science

law: the regulations, rules, and guidance’s humans need to follow and abide by

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15

The Scientific method

started in the days of Aristotle (384 BCE)

father of the scientific method = Francis bacon 1561

  • observations

  • questions

  • hypothesis

  • predictions

  • test

    • results

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good science is based on reasons and good data

  • deduction reasoning: based on deductions from the facts

  • inductive reasoning: based on a model that is later tested

  • testability and accuracy

  • communication and science literacy

  • probability and statistics

  • experimental design

  • models based on real data

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How to evaluate data and other information

Good sources: .gov and .edu

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ADD ENV History

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19

The Perspectives: Pragmatic utilitarian conservation

Gordon Pinchot-- develop the land well rather then letting it be “wasted”

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The Perspectives: Biocentric preservations

John Muir: no development: preserving life for its own sake

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The Perspectives: moral and aesthetic preservations

Aldo Leopold-- preserving life for ethical reasons and beauty

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The Perspectives: Christian Stewardship

Aldo, the Quakers-- preserving life because humanity is stamped with the Imago Dei (biblical text relationship between the world and man)

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The Perspectives: Cornucopian

nature can repair damage and provide abundance

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The Perspectives: global environmentalist

the basis of the United Nations stating that we all share one planet

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The Perspectives: Knowledge and integrated lifestyles of native people groups

the natives knowledge of the land they inhabited is lost when they are marginalized or worse (fon du lac tribe)

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Exponential Growth (J curve)

Nt = N0r^t

N= number population

R= rate of growth per time period

T= time or time steps

dN/dt= rate of chance = Nr

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27

The rule of 70

assuming an annual growth rate of 3%

  • how long will it take for a population to double

    • good for small growth rates like human population

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Logistic growth

a species hits the carrying capacity and naturally stops producing (its density-dependent)

  • rate slows as population density increases

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R-selected species

those that produce a large number of offspring and contribute few resources to each individual offspring

  • plants and flowers

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K-selected species

posses relatively stable populations that fluctuate near the carrying capacity of the environment

  • humans and animals

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Logistic growth population model

describes a populations growth when an upper growth is assumed

dN/dt = rN (K N/K)

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survivability

births, immigration, emigration, deaths, natality, mortality, and lifespan

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what affects population growth?

biotics causes: density-dependent -- crowding, disease, and starvation

abiotic causes: independent of density -- fires, droughts, and floods

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interspecific interactions

predation and compeition

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intraspecific interations

competitions for food and establishment of territories

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36

Population size and conservation

  • small and isolated populations are vulnerable

    • genetic diversity may help a population survive -- genetic drift (darwin’s finches)

  • founder effect: smaller population as a colonizing group

  • demographic bottleneck: when animals are under stress and only a few mating pairs remain

  • the hardy-Weinberg principal: the ration of genetic traits seems to remain constant from one generation to the next

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37

Human population growth

ecologists are concerned that our ecological life support systems will degrade

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Technology can increase carrying capacity

progress with agriculture, engineering, commerce, and medicine may make it possible to support more people

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what do demographics look at?

I = PAT

I: environmental impact

P: population size

A: affluence

T: technology

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40

SF4 and MN clean energy bill

  • 55 % clean energy by 2035

  • 100% clean energy by 2040

  • energy production must meet two standards

    • renewable

    • carbo free

      • hydropower

      • no nuclear or incineration

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41

BIDE

The way we calculate growth

BIDE= births + immigration - death - emigration

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demography

encompasses the vital statistics about people such as births, deaths, distribution and population size

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ways to describe growth

  • BIDE

    • fertility rate: average number of children born to a woman (rates are falling)

  • replacement fertility rate: occurs when birth rates compensate for deaths

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Factors affection population growth

  • development: promote demographic transition

  • life expectancy

  • age distribution

  • social factors: family planning and birth control

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Demographic transition factors

  • improved standard of living, children survival rates, women status, birth control

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Environmental health

focuses on external factos that cause disease

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morbidity

illness

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mortality

death

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DALYS (disability-adjusted life years)

calculates the disease burden of a population

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50

conservation medicine

attempts to understand how environmental changes threaten our own health and the natural communities on which we depend on for ecological services

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toxicology: toxic substances

poisons

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toxicology: allergens

substances that activate the immune system

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toxicology: antigens

foreign, recognized by the white blood cells and stimulate the production of specific antibodies

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toxicology: antibodies

proteins that recognize and bind to foreign cells or chemicals

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toxicology: endocrine disruptors

chemicals that affect hormone production

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toxicology: neurotoxins

a specific class of metabolic POISONS that attack nerve cells (neurons)

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toxicology: mutagens

agents that damage or alter genetic material (DNA) in cells

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toxicology: teratogens

cause birth defects (fetal alcohol syndrome)

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toxicology: carcinogens

substances that cause cancer

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toxicology: cancer

invasive and our of control cell growth that results in tumors

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toxicology: poor diet

fast food and processed foods with refined sugar and flour

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world food and nutrition

famines usually have political and social causes

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food sources: meat

developing countries meat consumption has risen 160%

US meat consumption has risen 50%

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CAFO (confined animal feeding operation)

regulated animal feed lots and associated lagoons --- large number of animals in small/confined area

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Food sources: fish

seafood is our only commercial wild caught protein source

  • aquaculture in China makes up for 90% of farmed fish

    • trawling and longlining are the most popular methods

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Food Sources; antibiotics

antibiotics are overused in intensive production

Denmark and Netherlands discontinued use of antibiotics

US is considering curtailing use

China and Russia are considering using more

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Production enhancements

selective breeding, fertilizing and irrigating

GMOs: engineered for pest resistance and herbicide intolerance

  • bt toxin: natural bacteria found in soil whose DNA is commonly clipped for GMOs (becoming common)

    • GMO example -- broccoli

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68

Food production policies

Govt has provided:

  • land grant institutions that assist with agricultural education, research, and development projects that support irrigation systems and transportation projects

  • crop insurance

    • direct subsidies

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69

fertility rates

have declined everywhere except some countries in sub Sahara Africa

  • world’s total fertility rate is 2.4%, lowest rate since WWII

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70

what has the greatest influence on life expectancy?

  • nutrition

  • water

  • sanitation

    • pharmaceuticals (NOT INCLUDED)

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future of growth

development is seen as the main path to slower growth

migration is a potential disruptor

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