AP Euro - 6.7 - Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements

Liberalism

• Emphasized natural rights/popular sovereignty

• Limited government

• Enlightened self-interest

Jeremy Bentham

British philosopher who developed utilitarianism

utilitarianism

argued that actions should be judged based on if they increase the happiness of those affected by the action

John Stuart Mill

• Softened utilitarianism and emphasized acting on behalf of society as a whole

• Wrote The Subjection of Women

Chartism

A movement in England that demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship regardless of status and was not immediately successful

Fight for Women

• The Subjection of Women by Mill

• Flora Tristen fought for workers’ rights and women’s suffrage

The Subjection of Women

Mill argued that women should have equal rights as men (voting, etc.)

Socialism

Demanded that a society’s means of production should be owned by the community as a whole, not private individuals

Utopian Socialism

Henri de Saint Simon believed that workers could organize just societies if they had power

Attempted practice of this idea

Charles Fourier and Robert Owen created intentional communities which gave eight-hour work days, shared property, and free education for children

The idea didn’t spread

Scientific Socialism

• Karl Marx wanted a socialism that was developed based on the same rigor and standards in scientists’ descriptions of the natural world

• He and Freidrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto

• They believed that the class struggle for wealth mainly drove history

• Equal rise for men and women

Women in Marxism

• In Germany, Clara Zetkin went against the Bourgeoisie for reform on behalf of women

• In Poland, Rosa Luxemburg fought for working class rights

Anarchism

Belief that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation

Mikhail Bakunin

(Russia) Argued that secret societies should lead revolutionary movements to bring about self-governing workplaces

Georges Sorel

(France) Believed that all property should be transferred to labor unions after the governing authorities were destroyed