AP Euro - Unit 4 (copy)

The Enlightenment

Inductive Reasoning

Many observations lead to generalization

Deductive Reasoning

Generalizations lead to specific conclusions

Francis Bacon

Created the scientific method

Rene Descartes

French philosopher

Isaac Newton

Developed the law of universal gravitation

Astronomy

Study of the arrangement of the stars

Cosmology

Branch of astronomy concerned with the origins and structure of the universe

Nicolaus Copernicus

Developed the heliocentric model, clashed with the beliefs of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Johannes Kepler

Discovered orbit to be elliptical

Galileo Galilei

First European to build and use a telescope, proved that planets were non-ethereal

Galen

Father of anatomy and physiology during medieval Europe

Andreas Vesalius

Wrote “On the Fabric of the Human Body”, studied anatomy

William Harvey

Fixed Galen’s ideas on the circulatory system, found that the circulatory system started with the heart

Rationalism

Focused on the innate reason why people know what they know

Empiricism

The idea that all human knowledge is acquired through the human senses

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote “Leviathan”, argued that in a state of nature, humans would pursue their own survival and self-interest

John Locke

Believed all humans were born with natural rights given by the Creator, believed in the Social Contract, argued that humans were naturally blank slates and are only motivated by self-interest

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Wrote “The Social Contract”, sexist

Mary Wollstonecraft

Wrote “A Vindication of the rights of Women”, believed women could be equal if they were given equal access to opportunities

Voltaire

Advocated for religious tolerance, hated the Catholic Church, exiled from Paris and moved to England

Denis Diderot

Made the Encyclopedia

Montesquieu

Believed the best system of government was the judicial, executive, and legislative branches

Salons/Coffeehouses

People bought coffee, read newspapers, and shared ideas regarding philosophy

Academies

Specialized groups to investigate knowledge

Baron d’Holbach

Atheist, thought God was the creation of human ignorance and fear

Skepticism

Asserts that all ideas and beliefs should be approached with doubtD

David Hume

Skeptic, argued against miracles, disputed the idea of an afterlife, believed that religion corrupts rather than contributes to morality

Methodism

Movement which focuses on a personal experience with God, stresses charitable works

John Wesley

Led the Methodist Movement

Pietism

Belief that moral behavior was the key to salvation emphasized the importance of the Bible

Laissez-faire

The government stays uninvolved

Marquis de condorcet

Advocated for woman’s rights and equal political and education

Physiocrats

Land and labor are sources of wealth

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot

Advisor to Louis XV and rejected mercantilism

Francois Quesnay

Economic strength comes from agriculture

Adam smith

Wealth of nations came from attacking other people

Cesare Beccaria

Punishment for crime should fit the crime