APUSH 23-25 Simple IDs

Waving the Bloody Shirt

Republican tactic of attacking Democrats by reminding voters of the Civil War

Credit Mobilier

Corrupt construction company whose bribes created a major Grant-era scandal

Liberal Republican Party

Short-lived 1872 third party formed to curb Grant-era corruption

Silver

Precious metal soft-money advocates wanted recoined after the “Crime of ’73”

Greenback Labor Party

Soft-money third party advocating inflation; won over a million votes in 1878

Gilded Age

Mark Twain’s term for the post–Civil War era of greed and corruption

Grand Army of the Republic

Union veterans’ organization that supported the Republican Party

Stalwarts

Republican faction led by Roscoe Conkling that opposed civil-service reform

Half-Breeds

Republican faction led by James G. Blaine that claimed to support reform but sought patronage

Compromise of 1877

Political agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 election

Chinese

Asian immigrant group that faced heavy discrimination on the West Coast

Civil-Service System

System of hiring federal employees based on merit, created by the Pendleton Act

McKinley Tariff

Extremely high 1890 tariff that angered farmers

Populist Party

Insurgent political party that gained farmer support in the 1890s

Grandfather Clause

Voting law that exempted men from literacy tests if ancestors had voted in 1860, excluding blacks

Ulysses S. Grant

Great military leader whose presidency was weakened by corruption

Jim Fisk

Financier who attempted to corner the gold market in 1869

Boss Tweed

Corrupt New York political boss jailed in 1871

Horace Greeley

Eccentric editor who ran against Grant in 1872

Samuel Tilden

Prosecutor of Boss Tweed who lost the contested 1876 election

Denis Kearney

Leader of the anti-Chinese movement in California

Tom Watson

Populist leader who later became a racist demagogue

Roscoe Conkling

Powerful New York senator and leader of the Stalwarts

James G. Blaine

Charismatic but corrupt Half-Breed senator and 1884 nominee

Rutherford B. Hayes

Winner of the 1876 election; ended Reconstruction

James Garfield

President whose assassination led to civil-service reform

Jim Crow

System of racial segregation laws

Grover Cleveland

First Democratic president after the Civil War; supported low tariffs

William Jennings Bryan

Young congressman who championed free silver

J. P. Morgan

Wealthy banker who secretly bailed out the U.S. government in 1895

Land Grants

Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to encourage the building of rail lines

Union Pacific Railroad

The original transcontinental railroad, commissioned by Congress, which built its rail line west from Omaha

Central Pacific Railroad

The California-based railroad company, headed by Leland Stanford, that employed Chinese laborers in building lines across the mountains

Pullman Palace

The luxurious railroad cars that enabled passengers to travel long distances in comfort and elegance

Stockwatering

Dishonest device by which railroad promoters artificially inflated the price of their stocks and bonds

Wabash vs Illinois

Supreme Court case of 1886 that prevented states from regulating railroads or other businesses engaging in interstate commerce

Mesabi Range

The region of northern Minnesota that supplied most of the iron ore for tremendously profitable American steel industry

Telephone

Late-nineteenth-century invention that revolutionized communications and created a large new industry that relied heavily on female workers

Standard Oil

First of the great industrial trusts, organized through the principle of horizontal integration, that ruthlessly incorporated or destroyed competitors in an energy industry.

US Steel

The first billion-dollar American corporation, organized when J. P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie

New South

Term that southern promoters used to proclaim their belief in a technologically advanced, industrial South

Social Darwinism

Somewhat misleading term to describe the ideas of theorists like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, who claimed that vast wealth was the result of the natural superiority of those who achieved it.

Knights of Labor

Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers but collapsed suddenly after the Haymarket Square bombing

Gibson Girl

Shorthand term for the image of the independent and athletic new woman created by a popular magazine illustrator of the late nineteenth century.

American Federation of Labor

The conservative labor group that successfully organized a minority of American workers but left others out

Thomas Edison

Inventive genius of industrialization who worked on devices such as the electric light, the phonograph, and the motion picture

J. Pierpont Morgan

The only businessperson in America wealthy enough to buy out Andrew Carnegie and organize the United States Steel Corporation

John P. Altgeld

Illinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists

Henry Grady

Southern newspaper editor who tirelessly promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South

John D. Rockefeller

Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on horizontal integration

James Buchanan Duke

Wealthy southern industrialist whose development of mass-produced cigarettes led him to endow a university that later bore his name

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Aggressive eastern railroad builder and consolidator who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise

Russell Conwell

Pro-business clergyman whose “Acres of Diamonds” speeches criticized the poor

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish immigrant who organized a vast new industry on the principle of vertical integration

Leland Stanford

Former California governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad

Samuel Gompers

Organizer of a conservative craft-union group and advocate of more wages for skilled workers

Terence V. Powderly

Eloquent leader of a secretive labor organization that made substantial gains in the 1880s before it suddenly collapsed

James J. Hill

Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines

William Graham Sumner

Intellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism who argued that the wealthy owed nothing to the poor

Alexander Graham Bell

Former teacher of the deaf whose invention created an entire new industry

Tenements

High-rise urban buildings that provided barracks-like housing for urban slum dwellers

New Immigrants

Term for the post-1880 newcomers who came to America primarily from southern and eastern Europe

America Fever

Term for the passion for migration to the New World that swept across Europe in the late nineteenth century

Social Gospel

The religious doctrines preached by those who believed that churches should directly address and work to reform economic and social problems

Hull House

Settlement house in the Chicago slums that became a model for women’s involvement in urban social reform

Social Work

Profession established by Jane Addams and others that opened new opportunities for women while engaging urban problems

American Protective Association (APA)

Nativist organization that attacked New Immigrants and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s

Fundamentalists

Protestant believers who strongly resisted liberal Protestantism’s attempts to adapt doctrines to Darwinian evolution and biblical criticism

Tuskegee Institute

Black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Organization founded by W. E. B. Du Bois and others to advance black social and economic equality

Progress and Poverty

Henry George’s best-selling book that advocated social reform through the imposition of a single tax on land

Comstock Act

Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents

Pragmatism

The American philosophical theory, especially advanced by William James, that the test of the truth of an idea was its practical consequences

City Beautiful Movement

Urban planning movement, begun in Paris and carried on in Chicago and other American cities, that emphasized harmony, order, and monumental public buildings

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Women’s organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption

Louis Sullivan

Chicago-based architect whose high-rise innovation allowed more people to crowd into limited urban space

Walter Rauschenbusch

Leading Protestant advocate of the social gospel who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems

Jane Addams

Leading social reformer who lived with the poor in the slums and pioneered new forms of activism for women

Charles Darwin

British biologist whose theories of human and animal evolution by means of natural selection created religious and intellectual controversy

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist whose tales of young people rising from poverty to wealth through hard work and good fortune enhanced Americans’ belief in individual opportunity

Booker T. Washington

Former slave who promoted industrial education and economic opportunity but not social equality for blacks

W. E. B. Du Bois

Harvard-educated scholar and advocate of full black social and economic equality through the leadership of a talented tenth

William James

Harvard scholar who made original contributions to modern psychology and philosophy

Henry George

Controversial reformer whose book, Progress and Poverty, advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land

Emily Dickinson

Gifted but isolated New England poet, the bulk of whose works were not published until after her death

Mark Twain

Midwestern-born writer and lecturer who created a new style of American literature based on social realism and humor

Victoria Woodhull

Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s

Daniel Burnham

American architect and planner who helped bring French Baron Haussman’s City Beautiful movement to the United States

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Brilliant feminist writer who advocated cooperative cooking and child-care arrangements to promote women’s economic independence and equality

Henry Adams

Well-connected and socially prominent historian who feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and culture of the past