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Last updated 12:26 AM on 3/31/26
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55 Terms
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Demographer
A person who studies populations (growth
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Birth Rate (BR)
Number of births per 1
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Birth Rate Formula
(# of births ÷ total population) × 1000
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Death Rate (DR)
Number of deaths per 1
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Death Rate Formula
(# of deaths ÷ total population) × 1000
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Natural Increase
Birth rate minus death rate (BR – DR)
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Natural Decrease
When death rate is higher than birth rate
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Immigration
People moving into a country
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Immigration Rate Formula
(# entering ÷ total population) × 100
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Emigration
People leaving a country
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Emigration Rate Formula
(# leaving ÷ total population) × 100
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Net Migration
Immigration rate minus emigration rate (IR – ER)
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Growth Rate (GR)
Natural increase + net migration
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High Growth Rate
3% or more
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Low Growth Rate
1% or less
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Net Zero Growth
0% growth
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Negative Growth
Growth rate below 0%
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Carrying Capacity
Maximum number of people an environment can support
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Rule of 70
70 ÷ growth rate = years to double population
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Population Prediction Formula
Total population × (1 + growth rate)^years
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Population Density (PD)
Number of people per square kilometer
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Population Density Formula
Total population ÷ area in km²
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High Population Density
150+ people/km²
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Medium Population Density
15–149 people/km²
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Low Population Density
Below 15 people/km²
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Population Distribution
Where people live and how they are spread out
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Factors for High Population Density
Freshwater
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Factors for Low Population Density
Mountains
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Indigenous Settlement Patterns
Linear (along rivers)
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Agricultural Revolution
Farming led to stable food and population growth
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Industrial Revolution
Machines and factories increased jobs and urbanization
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Medical Revolution
Vaccines and sanitation reduced death rates
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Hong Kong Problems
Overcrowding
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Hong Kong Solutions
Build upward
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Kowloon Walled City
Extremely dense
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Why Canadians live near US border
Warmer climate
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Natural Increase Example
BR = 10
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Net Migration Example
IR = 8
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Growth Rate Example
NIR = 4
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Rule of 70 Example
GR = 2% → 70 ÷ 2 = 35 years to double
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Population Density Example
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Carrying Capacity of Earth
Estimated 10–11 billion people
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Canada’s Population Shape
Thin and stretched near US border due to low northern population
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More people live inside this circle
Refers to South and East Asia (India
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High Density Country Example
Bangladesh (~1
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Low Density Country Example
Canada (~4/km²)
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Oakville Density
~1
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Sydney Density
~398/km² → High
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India Density
~372/km² → High
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Indonesia Density
~132/km² → Medium
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