Insecticides MOAs

What is a general characteristic regarding the speed of action for most insecticides that target nerve and muscle systems?

They are typically fast-acting, leading to rapid effects on insect physiology

Insecticides targeting nerve and muscle primarily disrupt what process leading to either hyperexcitation or paralysis?

They primarily disrupt neurotransmission

Group 1 insecticides are known as _ inhibitors.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Inhibitors

How do Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors cause hyperexcitation in an insect's nervous system?

They prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to prolonged stimulation of the nervous system

What are two common examples of Group 1 AChE inhibitors used in agriculture?

Organophosphates and carbamates.

What is the mode of action for Group 2 insecticides known as GABA-gated Chloride Channel Blockers?

They block GABA receptors, which are essential for inhibitory neurotransmission.

What is the physiological result of blocking GABA receptors in insects?

The blockage leads to hyperexcitation and convulsions due to unregulated neural activity.

Which well-known insecticide is given as an example of a Group 2 GABA blocker?

Fipronil.

What is the common name for Group 3 insecticides?

Sodium Channel Modulators.

Sodium channel modulators cause continuous depolarization of neurons by keeping sodium channels in what state?

They keep the sodium channels open.

Pyrethroids are a class of insecticides that act as _.

Sodium channel modulators (Group 3).

Group 4 insecticides are classified as what type of modulators?

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Modulators.

What is the primary neurotransmitter affected by Group 4 nAChR modulators?

Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter affected.

Which prominent group of insecticides used in pest control are examples of nAChR modulators?

Neonicotinoids.

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are generally _-acting compared to neurotoxic insecticides.

slower

What are the two primary hormones that regulate insect growth, metamorphosis, and development?

Juvenile hormone and ecdysone

What is the name for insecticides in Group 7?

Juvenile Hormone Mimics.

How do Group 7 insecticides like Methoprene prevent metamorphosis?

They mimic juvenile hormone keeping insects in their larval stage.

During which developmental stage are juvenile hormone mimics most effective when applied?

They are particularly effective during the pre-metamorphic instar.

What is the classification for Group 10 insecticides?

Mite Growth Inhibitors.

What essential substance for the insect exoskeleton is targeted by Group 10 inhibitors like benzoylureas?

They target chitin synthesis.

By disrupting chitin polymerization, what process do Mite Growth Inhibitors prevent?

They prevent proper growth and development

What is the classification for Group 18 insecticides?

Ecdysone Receptor Agonists.

How do ecdysone receptor agonists, such as Halofenozide, disrupt an insect’s life cycle?

They mimic the action of ecdysone, inducing premature molting

Insecticides targeting mitochondrial respiration typically lead to ___ depletion in the insect.

energy

What is the classification for Group 12 insecticides?

Inhibitors of Mitochondrial ATP Synthase.

How do Group 12 inhibitors like Oligomycin cause cell death?

They block ATP synthesis by targeting the ATP synthase enzyme, leading to a rapid decrease in ATP levels

What is the classification for Group 20 insecticides?

Mitochondrial Complex III Inhibitors.

Where specifically do Group 20 inhibitors like Antimycin A bind to disrupt the electron transport chain?

They bind to the Qo site of complex III.

What is the classification for Group 21 insecticides?

Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibitors.

How does the Group 21 inhibitor Rotenone cause energy depletion in insects?

It blocks the first step in the electron transport chain.

What physiological system do midgut insecticides target?

They target the digestive system of insects.

Midgut insecticides are particularly effective against what order of pests?

They are particularly effective against lepidopteran (butterflies) pests.

What is the classification for Group 11 insecticides?

Microbial Disruptors of Insect Midgut Membranes.

How do Group 11 toxins such as those from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), cause insect death?

They bind to midgut receptors and form pores, leading to ionic imbalance and septicemia.

What is the classification for Group 31 insecticides?

Host-Specific Occluded Pathogenic Viruses.

What is a prominent example of a virus class used as a Group 31 biocontrol agent?

Baculoviruses.

What is the general mode of action for targeted protein suppressors?

They reduce the levels of specific proteins critical for insect survival and reproduction.

What is the classification for Group 35 insecticides?

RNA Interference Mediated Target Suppressors.

How do Group 35 insecticides disrupt essential biological processes?

They activate RNA interference (RNAi) pathways to degrade target mRNA, reducing protein abundance.

What type of insecticides are being developed as a modern example of Group 35 suppressors?

dsRNA-based insecticides.

What defines an insecticide with an unknown or non-specific target?

It affects multiple targets or has a poorly defined mode of action.

What is the classification for Group 8 insecticides?

Miscellaneous Non-Specific Inhibitors.

What are examples of substances that fall into the category of Miscellaneous Non-Specific Inhibitors?

Some essential oils and botanical extracts.