MCAT PREP

Chromatography Rf

Rf= distance traveled/ solvent front

dehydration is not stereospecific

dehydration is not stereospecific (carbocation)

amide REPRESENTS peptide bond

amide REPRESENTS peptide bond

SN2 → switch R and S configuration

SN2 → switch R and S configuration

Enzyme stabilizes TRANSITION STATE

Enzyme stabilizes TRANSITION STATE

C=V/R

C=V/R

CURRENT= VOLTAGE/ RESISTANCE

Index of Refraction

IOR= speed of light vacuum/ speed of light in medium

energy of photon

vh (frequency x h)

INTRAmolecular forces

covalent, ionic, metallic

INTERmolecular forces

LDF, Dipole-Dipole, H-bond

LIPASE

break down/ hydrolyze FATS

CHARGED AMINO ACIDS AT PH 7

DEKR

D and E= -1

K and R= +1

What type of bond is created by glycogen synthase?

α-1,4-Glycosidic bond

What type of bond is created by glycogen branching enzyme?

α-1,6-Glycosidic bond

B- decay

the conversion of a neutron to a proton… lose electron

gamma decay means the emission of photons by the nucleus

gamma decay means the emission of photons by the nucleus

Unit of Power

W

J/s

(ft x lb)/ s

What is the function of the Na⁺K⁺ ATPase during a neuronal action potential?

• A.

  Stimulation of the action potential

• B.

  Depolarization of the membrane

• C.

  Hyperpolarization of the membrane

• D.

  Restoration of the resting potential

• D.

  Restoration of the resting potential

In which direction does the Na⁺K⁺ ATPase transport ions across the cell membrane upon ATP hydrolysis?

Upon ATP hydrolysis, three Na⁺ are transported outside the cell and two K⁺ are transported inside the cell against their concentration gradient.

lipid rafts

cholesterol rich domains within the membrane

Vmax no change, Km increase

competitive

Vmax decrease, Km no change

noncompetitive

An enzyme that is saturated at a LOW concentration of substrate must have __________ affinity for that substrate and a ______ Km.

high, low

Reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives

acid halides > anhydrides > esters > amides

transesterification

initial ester become different ester

esterification

make ester from nonester

most stable leaving group

I >

PCC is a weak oxidizer

primary alcohol → aldehyde

H2CrO4

KMnO4

strong oxidizers

H2CrO4: aldehyde → carboxylic acid

KMnO4 : ketone → carboxylic acid

tautomerization

aldehyde/ ketone ←→ alcohol

Lineweaver Plot (1/ vmax)

y intercept the same, no change in vmax

x intercept= 1/km

joins polar head and fatty acid tail in phospholipids

phosphodiester bond

movement between cells (not through the cell)

paracellular movement

gap junctions

connect cells and allow for movement of small molecules

CONNEXIN: transfer action potential from cell to cell

desmosomes

bind alike cells (epithilial tissues)

tight juctions

bind too tight for movement

CLAUDIN

hemidesmosomes

connect cells to basement membrane

nucleolus

rRNA, site of ribosome assembly

Plasma membrane composition: sphingolipids

amino alcohol

Plasma membrane composition: cholesterol

temperature control

Plasma membrane composition: waxes (plants)

alcohol and long fatty acid chains

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

protein translation with ribosomes

• continuous with nuclear envelope

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

detoxify drugs

transport proteins

Ca2+ storage

LIPIDS

golgi apparatus

protein sorting/ modification

glycosylation

exocytosis: vesicle merge with membrane and allow exit

lysosomes

trash bin of cell (degradation enzymes that can lead to autolysis- cells broken down by own enzymes)

peroxisomes

H2O2 break down long chain fatty acids using B oxidation

microfilaments (7nm)

polymerized rods made of actin- orientation determines polarity

PROTECT CELL (form boundary on periphery)

intermediate filament (10nm)

TENSION NETWORK TO HOLD ORGANELLES IN PLACE

keratin, desmin

microtubules (24nm)

hollow polymers made from globular protein

INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT (cillia and flagella)

Kinesin (+) Kicks out towards (-) centrosome

Dynein (-) Drags in toward (+) nucleus

primary active transport

use ATP

secondary transport

coupling

Na+/K+ ATPase

uses ATP to maintain Na+/K+ gradients in the cell

rods

majority of photoreceptor cells in eye

visual pigment of rods is rhodopsin

contribute to scotopic vision (dim lighting)vi

visual pathway

light → retina (rods and cones) → optic nerve → lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus) → occipital lobe

paravocellular

high spatial resolution, detailed image detection

magnocellular

high temporal resolution, high motion detection

Lens

fine adjustments to its shape to focus light on the macula of the retina

iris

control amount of light that enters the eye

• via contraction of sphincter/ dilator muscles and results in constriction/ dilation of pupil

cornea

outermost structure

protect inner structures

focus light as it passes through

retina

back of eye

photoreceptors that detect light

rods and cones

ganglion cells

action potentials → optic nerve → occipital lobe

6A

gustatory cortex

taste

food→ receptor protein → taste bud → brain stem → thalamus → gustatory cortex (frontal lobe)

6A

somatosensation

touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, pain

→ central nervous system → somatosensory (parietal)

mechanoreceptors: touch, vibration, pressure, sound

thermoreceptors: temperature

proprioceptors: movement and body position

nociceptors: pain

chemoreceptors: chemical stimuli

6A

olfactory pathway

smell → nasal cavity → olfactory bulb (brain)

associated with limbic system (memories)

6A

propioreception

sense of balance

6A

nociception

somatosensory perception of pain

6A

mechanoreception

pressure and vibration

6A

principle of similarity

group info to make assumption

6A

principle of continuity

see continuous patterns instead of disjointed elements

6A

interposition

one close object obscures the farther object

6A

motion parallax

close objects seem to move faster than far ones

6A

linear perspective

parallel lines converge with distance

6A

law of proximity

close objects perceived as groups

6A

subjective contours

perceive square that isn’t there

6A

law of closure

fill in pieces to perceive whole

7A

Reflex arc

sensory → interneuron → motor neuron

7A

dopamine

movement and posture; reward pathways

7A

limbic system

emotion and memory

7A

autonomic nervous system

involuntary body functions

7A

reticular activation system

awakeness and alertness

7A

somatic nervous system

voluntary movements

7A

nurtured behavior

environment and surroundings influence behavior

7A

maladaptive behavior

decreased evolutionary fitness

7A

epinephrine

sympathetic nervous system- fight

• increase heart rate

• direct blood flow to muscles

• dilate pupils

7A

norepinephrine

sympathetic nervous system- wake up

• keep body temperature up

• increase blood pressure if low

• stimulate energy production

7A

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter; regulate behavior (stop yourself before cussing)

calm nerves

7A

acetylcholine

memory

7A

serotonin

sleep wake cycles, emotional processing, mood, appetite

depression and insomnia

7A

endorphins

euphoria, inhibit pain

excercise

7A

dopamine

pleasure/ reward pathway

alcohol, risky behavior

7A

which neurotransmitters are inhibitory and excitatory?

Inhibitory: GABA, glycine

Both: seratonin

Excitatory: Glutamate

7A

expectancy value theory

motivation based on how much you value a goal and expectation of success

7A

drive reduction theory

desire to eliminate uncomfortable states

7A

arousal theory

need to maintain optimal level of arousal

7A

incentive theory

desire to gain rewards and avoid punishment

7A

that’s not all technique

individual is made an offer, then told the offer is better than initially told

7A

foot in the door technique

make larger request after individual already agrees on the smaller one

7A

door in the face method

ask large request → deny

ask smaller one that is more likely to be agreed to

7A

lowball technique

get initial commitment, then cost of commitment is raised

7A

social cognitive theory

learn behavioral patterns by observation of others