Untitled Flashcards Set

Chemical Reactions

Processes where substances (reactants) transform into different substances (products).

Valency

The measure of bonding capacity of elements, determining how many atoms of each element can combine.

Equations

Representations of chemical reactions showing the relationships between reactants and products.

Changes

Distinction between physical changes (no new substances formed) and chemical changes (new substances formed).

Acids and Bases

Substances with specific properties, interactions, and applications; acids release H⁺, bases release OH⁻.

Applications

Real-world examples demonstrating practical uses of chemical reactions in daily life and industries.

Reaction Types

Various types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion.

Synthesis Reaction

A reaction where two or more substances combine to form a new compound.

Decomposition Reaction

A reaction where a compound breaks down into simpler substances.

Single Replacement Reaction

A reaction where one element replaces another element in a compound.

Double Replacement Reaction

A reaction where two compounds exchange ions to form new compounds.

Combustion Reaction

A chemical reaction that involves the burning of a substance in the presence of oxygen.

Physical Change

A change that does not affect the chemical composition of a substance.

Chemical Change

A process that results in the formation of new chemical substances.

Neutralization Reaction

A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water.

Valency of Hydrogen

1; it can form one bond with other atoms.

Valency of Oxygen

2; it can form two bonds with other atoms.

Criss-Cross Rule

A method used to determine the formula of ionic compounds by swapping the valencies of ions.

Balancing Chemical Equations

Ensuring the number of atoms on reactants side equals the number on products side.

Catalytic Processes

Processes that utilize catalysts to enhance the speed and efficiency of chemical reactions.

Biochemicals

Chemical compounds produced by living organisms used for sustainable chemical processes.

Reactants

Substances that undergo a chemical change in a reaction.

Products

Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.

Periodic Table

A tabular arrangement of elements organized by increasing atomic number, showing their properties.

Molecular Formula

A chemical formula that shows the number and types of atoms in a molecule.

Empirical Formula

A chemical formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between substances.

Ion

An atom or molecule that has a positive or negative charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.

Cation

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.

Energy Changes

Changes in energy that occur during chemical reactions.

Sustainable Solutions

Innovative approaches in chemistry aimed at reducing waste and utilizing renewable resources.

Hydrogen Bonding

A type of weak chemical bond that is important in determining the properties of water.

Chemical Manufacturing

Processes that involve the production of chemicals for various uses, goals include reducing environmental impact.

Thermodynamics

The branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy.

pH Scale

A scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Chemical Kinetics

The study of rates of chemical processes.

Equilibrium

The state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations that have no further tendency to change.

Supports for Learning

Understanding chemical reactions is crucial for practical applications in various fields.

Matter Interactions

How substances interact through chemical bonds and reactions to form products.

Rate of Reaction

The speed at which reactants are converted to products in a chemical reaction.

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

Catalysts

Substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

Indicators of Change

Signs such as color change, gas production, or temperature change that indicate a chemical reaction.

Equilibrium Expression

Mathematical relationship representing the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium.

Biofuels

Renewable energy sources derived from living matter, often involving chemical processes.

Fermentation

A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol using microorganisms.

Photosynthesis

The process used by plants to convert light energy into chemical energy.