General Bio 1 Test 1

biology

study of the living world at all levels

zoology

study of the animal kingdom

botany

study of the plant kingdom

microbiology

study of microbes

taxonomy

the science of classifying organisms

atom, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

List the levels of organizations starting from the smallest up to the largest.

function

When a protein loses its shape, it also loses its _____.

organelle

Functional components of cells which are responsible for a variety of functions

cell

the most fundamental unit of all living things; smallest unit capable of performing all activities required for life

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

List the 4 macromolecules.

organ

 body parts which consist of various tissues and carry out a particular function

tissue

consist of cells of similar structure which work together and perform a specialized function

organism

individual living things which can consist of trillions of cells or just one

population

individuals of one type of organism (species) living together in an area

community

the entire biological diversity of an area; multiple populations

ecosystem

includes all of the living organisms and all of the non-living components of an area

biosphere

all of life on Earth and all the places where life exists

function

Structure determines ____ at all levels in the living world

homeostasis

represents the ability of an organism or even a single cell to maintain optimal conditions for supporting life

negative feedback

 the accumulation of some end product slows down or stops the process that created it in the first place (self inhibitory)

positive feedback

the accumulation of some end product stimulates the process that created it in the first place (self reinforcing)

phylogeny

branch of biology that identifies evolutionary history and relationships

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

List the 3 Domains

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

List the taxonomy classification levels starting from most inclusive going to least inclusive.

binomial nomenclature

organisms are identified by two names; their genus and species; the genus begins with an uppercase letter and species name begins with a lowercase letter and both are italicized (underlined if done by hand)

Bacteria and Archaea

Which two domains are prokaryotic and almost all are unicellular?

Eukarya

Which domain is eukaryotic and are all multicellular?

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi

What are the three kingdoms of Eukarya?

extremophiles

organisms that live in extreme environment

thermophiles

organisms that live in extremely high temperatures

halophiles

organisms that live in extremely high salinity environments

methanogens

organisms that grow by producing methane gas

protist

What group of organisms is included in Eukarya but does not have its own kingdom?

Plantae

Which kingdom are the organisms all multicellular, producers, and immobile?

Animalia

Which kingdom are the organisms all multicellular, consumers, and mobile?

Fungi

Which kingdom are organisms both multicellular and unicellular, consumers, and most are decomposers?

protist

What are eukaryotic organisms that don’t fit into a kingdom because of how diverse they are?

quantitative

______ data are numerical measurements.

qualitative

_____ data are non-numerical measurements.

experimental

the group that is subjected to the experimental variable

control

the group that is not subjected to the experimental variable

x, y

Independent variables are placed on the __ axis and dependent variables are placed on the *_*_____ axis.

hypothesis

testable answer to a scientific question

scientific theory

a well-supported hypothesis with much evidence; accepted by the scientific community

energy

Living things contain the ability to process _________, such as muscle movement, performing photosynthesis and  assembling bigger molecules

homeostasis

Organisms control their internal environment to maintain __________________________________, which means steady state.

phylogeny

Branch of biology that identifies evolutionary history and relationships is called ________.

domain

Which is the most inclusive group of the classification system scientists use?

species

What is the least inclusive group of the classification system that scientists use?

Latin

Most names in the binomial nomenclature system used to identify organisms are in _______.

Archaea

Thermophiles that live in extreme high temperatures exist in _________________ domain.

False

True or False: Qualitative data are numerical descriptions.

order, responsiveness, energy processing, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, and evolution

What are the 7 properties of life?

observation, hypothesis, experiment, evaluation

What are the 4 steps of the scientific method in order?

protons, neutrons, electrons

List the 3 subatomic particles.

positive

What is the electrical charge of a proton?

neutral

What is the electrical charge of a neutron?

negative

What is the electrical charge of a electron?

# of protons + # of neutrons

How do you calculate mass number?

mass number - atomic number

How do you calculate # of neutrons?

protons

The atomic number indicates the amount of _____.

isotope

What is a form of an element that contains different number of neutrons?

2

How many electrons fit in the first shell?

8

How many electrons fit in the second shell?

8

How many electrons fit in the third shell?

covalent

Atoms held together by sharing at least one pair of electrons forms a ____ bond.

ionic

Atoms held together by attraction of oppositely charged ions forms a ____ bond.

non-polar covalent bond

Equal sharing of electrons in a covalent interaction

polar covalent bond

Unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent interaction

electronegativity

The measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons

ions

____ form when atoms lose or gain electrons to achieve energetic stability.

cation

a positively charged ion

anion

a negatively charged ion

oppositely

An ionic bond is held together by the attraction between two ____ charged ions

hydrogen bond

Weak non-covalent interactions that form between a partially positive H atom and a partially negative atom

cohesion

the ability to stick together

adhesion

the ability to stick to other things

specific heat

Water has a high *____* which means it resists changing its temperature when it absorbs or releases heat.

hydrophilic

____ substances are attracted to water.

hydrophobic

____ substances are repelled by water.

acid

a substance which increases \[H+\] when dissolved in water

base

a substance which reduces \[H+\] when dissolved in water

neutral

A pH = 7 is a ___ solution.

acidic

A pH < 7 is a ____ solution

basic

A pH > 7 is a ____ solution.

tenfold

A change in one pH unit is a ____ change in H+ concentration

pH

____ is used to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution.

buffer

A ____ is a substance which minimizes changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

7\.4

Human blood pH = ___

carbonic acid

What buffer is used in the human bloodstream?

hydrocarbons

_____ are organic compounds composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon.

covalent

What type of bonds hold hydrocarbons together?

carbonyl

What group has a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen? (C=O)

hydroxyl

What group has a hydroxide bonded to the central element?(-OH)

carboxyl

What group has a carbon bonded to an oxygen and a hydroxide?(-COOH)

sulfhydryl

What group has a sulfur and a hydrogen bonded to the central element?(-SH)

phosphate

What group has a phosphorus single bonded to three oxygens and double bonded to one oxygen? (-OPO3)

methyl

What group has a CH3 bonded to a carbon? (-CH3)

amino

What group has a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens?(-NH2)

isomer

Compounds that have the same number and type of elements but arranged differently to produce different shapes