Sports Science Skeletal System

Sports Science

Axial Skeleton

Protection( attachment and support)

Skull, Ribs, Vertebrae

Appendicular Skeleton

Movement (attachment and support)

Pectoral Girdle (clavicle, scapula), pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis)

Inferior

below/ further away from the head

Superior

above/ closer to the head

Proximal

nearer to where a limb attaches to the body

Distal

further to where a limb attaches to the body

Posterior

behind/nearer to the back

Anterior

in front/nearer to the front

Internal

located inside/ further away from the surface

External

located on/ near the surface

Lateral

further away from the midline of the body

Medial

closer to the midline of the body

Flexion

closing of the joint angle around the frontal axis at the joint

Extension

opening of the joint angle around the frontal axis at the joint

Hyperextension

over extension

Abduction

Bringing arms away from the body (frontal plane)

Adduction

Bringing arms toward the body (frontal plane)

Circumduction

moving in a circle

Lateral rotation

moving away from the body (transverse plane)

Medial rotation

moving toward the body (transverse plane)

Supination

rotating outwards

Pronation

rotating inwards

dorsiflexion

flexion in the ankle joint

plantarflexion

extension in the ankle joint

elevation

lifting/moving up (frontal plane)

depression

dropping/moving down (frontal plane)

Inversion

Medial rotation of the ankle joint

Eversion

Lateral rotation of the ankle joint

sagittal plane

Movement in front or behind the body in the frontal axis exa: walking, extension, forward roll

frontal plane

Movement that goes sideways in the sagittal axis exa: adduction, golf swing, cricket bowl

transverse plane

Movement that rotates around the body in the longitudinal axis exa: a triple axel, shot put, pronation

Tendon

Attach muscle to bone. Limited blood supply. For movement. Takes time to heal when damaged

Ligament

Attach bone to bone. For movement and provide support for the joint so it doesn’t dislocate. Takes time to heal when overstretched

(articulating) Cartilage

Provide a cushion between bones, reducing rubbing. Not possible to recover.

Fibrous joint

strong, least movement, protection, found in cranium

Cartilaginous Joint

quite strong, protection and some movement, found in vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

Synovial joint

weakest, most movement, with the most amount in the body.

Joint Capsule

a tissue that creates synovial joints and produces fluid from lining

Bursa

small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane used to reduce friction

Pivot joint

synovial joint that allows rotation

ball and socket joint

synovial joint in shoulders and hips that allows the most movement

Hinge joint

synovial joint that moves on just one axis. In knee and elbow, can do flexion and extension

Condyloid joint

synovial joint that allows for circular motion, flexion, and extension. Metacarpals and metatarsals to phalanges.

Saddle joint

synovial joint that allows for flexion, extension, and other movements, but no rotation. In the thumb.

Gliding joint

synovial joints that move against each other on a single plane. In hands or foot that articulate by sliding in the wrist/ ankle.

Factors of Range of Motion (ROM)

-shape of surfaces of the articulating bones in the joints

-position and length of the restraining ligaments

-effects of the muscles and tendons at the joints

-the amount of soft tissues (skin/fat/muscle)

Range of Motion (ROM) impact

Large ROM normally beneficial, but can make joints and muscles susceptible to injury

Antropometry

the measurement of body segments and proportions of the human body, has applications in many areas of sport and health science.

value of antropometry

Talent identification, improvement of athlete, better equipment design

ergogenic design

Promotes correct posture, facilitates optimal ROM, improves performance