hpro 3250 - Minerals pt 2

what are the functions of iron in the body? (3-4)

oxygen transport

enzyme cofactor

brain and immune function

T/F: the body recycles most of its iron

true

what is the body stores of iron for men?

600-1000mg

what is the body stores of iron for women?

200-300mg

what are the two main forms of iron storage in the body?

ferritin and hemosederin

which of the two iron forms is a best representation of the bodies iron status?

ferritin

most iron is transported as ______, and transferred as RBC

transferrin

what is the importance of magnesium in the body?

involved in many bodily reactions (ATP prod, cofactor of enzymatic reactions, cardiac function)

where is magnesium stored in the body?

bone

what are some primary sources of magnesium?

pumpkin seeds, almonds, seafood, dark chocolate

T/F: a deficiency in magnesium is easy to detect

false (inside cells and bone not circulation, harder to measure)

what are the main causes of magnesium deficiency?

intake (low veggie diet, high meat)

excessive excretion

malabsorption via gut issues

T/F: magnesium is easiliy washed/peeled from foods during processing

true

what is the function of zinc?

enzyme cofactor

would healing, sperm prod, immunal health

a diet high in ______ prevents zinc absorption

phytate

what countries have the highest prevalence of inadequate zinc intake?

asian / african countries

symptoms of zinc deficiency

poor growth, delayed development, skin infections

who is most at risk of a zinc deficiency

pregnant women, young children, elderly, poverned

what is zinc toxicity?

high amounts tolerated, toxic in large amounts, may decrease good cholesterol HDL

which foods provide the most zinc?

red meats, seafood

how much more zinc (%) do vegetarians need than omnivores?

50% (not readily available within diet)

what is considered the level of zinc intake to develop zinc toxicity?

2000-4000 mg/day

what is the zinc RDA for omnivores?

men: 11mg/d

women: 8 mg/d

What are the functions of fluoride

Helps teeth and bones!

- decreases dental caries

- hardens and stabilizes crystals of teeth

- makes the enamel resistant to decay

- makes bones more dense

T/F fluoride makes bones more dense but not stronger

True

If deficient in fluoride, what is the result?

Dental decay (called dental caries)

Excess fluoride can cause __________.

fluorosis (discolouration of teeth)

T/F most provinces in canada have populations where more than 51% have access to fluoridated water

false, only 3 provinces do, the rest are under 51%

T/F in 2021 Calgarians voted to bring F- back to drinking water

True

What are the functions of selenium

- antioxidant - part of antioxidant enzyme called glutathione peroxidase

- thyroid hormone metabolism

- immune function

- reproduction

- DNA synthesis

Selenium absorption is enhanced by vitamins _______ and decreased by ___________

enhanced by: A, C and E

decreased by: phytate

T/F selenium deficiency is very common in Canada and the US

False

Selenium toxicity can be due to....

- supplements

-eating too many brazil nuts

What does selenium toxicity cause?

skin lesions, brittle hair and nails, fatigue

T/F a low level of local consumption results in fewer selenium deficiencies, even in low Se regions

True

Major food sources of selenium

- Brazil nuts

- oysters

- organ meats

- seafood

- some grains

Food sources of fluoride

fluoridated water

RDA for selenium

55 mcg/day

UL for selenium

400 mcg/day

In terms of supplement use, selenium and _____________ are often taken together

Vitamin E

What are the functions of Iodine in the body?

Thyroid hormone production

- part of thyroxine

- helps regulate body temp

- helps regulate metabolic rate

Iodine insufficiency leads to ______________________ while iodine deficiency leads to __________

hypothyroidism; goiter

Excess Iodine in excess can lead to......

Goiter

- enlarged thyroid glands

What are Iodine food sources?

- saltwater seafood

- iodized salt

- seaweed

- I-containing disinfectants

T/F if you are deficient in Iodine, you may lower your metabolic rate, gain weight, and experience more fatigue

True

Maternal Iodine deficiency can result in__________

cretinism (mental underdevelopment)

What are goitrogens?

Foods that contain anti-thyroid substances causing them to impair Iodine absorption. Foods like Cauliflower, Broccoli, Cabbage, Brussels Sprouts

- they decrease the production of thyroid hormones and can lead to goiter

What are the idoine requirements (1. adults, 2. during pregnancy and 3. for breast-feeding women)

1. 150ug/d

2. 220ug/d

3 290 ug/d

T/F Sea salt has more iodine per gram of salt than iodized salt

false

What are the functions of chromium?

Assists insulin as it transports glucose from the blood into the cells

Chromium deficiency can lead to....

long-term parenteral feeding

Toxicity of Cr (airborne sources)

lung cancer

food sources of chromium

grape juice, mushrooms, broccoli, barley, shellfish, nuts, meat

T/F Lead is the most significant contaminant in drinking water globally

false - arsenic is

Arsenic is a _________

carcinogen

What are some adverse health outcomes of arsenic

skin cancer, bladder, and lung cancer

T/F water sources on the south shore of NS are within the allowable limit of arsenic

false - they are more than 1000 times the allowable limit

What are food sources of arsenic?

rice and seafood

What are the toxic effects of cadmium?

- human carcinogen

- damages kidneys, skeletal and respiratory systems

What are the contributors of cadmium in canada?

- largest = smoking (second hand smoke)

- smallest = dietary (liver, other organ meats, shellfish)

T/F sources of cadmium can include the disposal and recycling of electronic and electrical waste

True

T/F cadmium is contained in cheap toys, jewellery and plastics

true

What are the toxic effects of lead?

- detrimental to mental development (especially in children under 6)

- premature births

- developmental delays

- high BP, unexplained pain, poor memory, headaches

What are some lead sources

- old water pipes to buildings

- old paint had lead which are liberated by renovations

- batteries - exposure auto garages

- used in pottery, roofing and some cosmetics

T/F gasoline used to contain lead

true

What is example of a water based source of lead?

the water contamination in Flint, Michigan