Apologia Biology 2nd edition Quarterly Test #2

To turn a gas into a liquid, do you remove or add energy?

Remove energy

What determines the vast majority of characteristics in an atom?

The number of electrons (or protons)

How many electrons are in an atom that has 32 protons?

32 electrons

How many atoms (total) are in a molecule of C4H8O2? What atoms are present and how many of each atom?

There are 4 carbons 8 hydrogens and 2 oxygens that make up 14 atoms

Two solutions of different solute concentration are separated by a membrane. After a while, the water levels of the two solutions change. Has osmosis or diffusion taken place? What kind of membrane is being used?

This is osmosis which needs a semipermeable membrane to work.

Consider the following chemical reaction: O2+2H2---> 2H2O

a: What are the reactants?

a: The reactants are O2 and H2

Consider the following chemical reaction: O2+2H2---> 2H2O

b: What are the products?

b: Products are H2O

Consider the following chemical reaction: O2+2H2---> 2H2O

c. How many molecules of H2 are used in the reaction?

c: There are 2 molecules in the reaction

Describe the pH scale and what it measures.

The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. 7 is neutral and a pH lower than 7 is acidic, while a pH higher than 7 is alkaline. The lower the pH the more acidic and the higher the pH the more alkaline.

What are the basic building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids link together to make proteins

How does DNA store information?

DNA stores information as a sequence of nucleotide bases.

What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration? Which one produces the most energy?

1. Glycolysis

2. The formation of acetyl coenzyme A

3. The Krebs cycle

4. The electron transport system

The electron transport system produces the most energy

If a cell had no oxygen, what stage(s) of cellular respiration can still run?

The only stage that does not require oxygen is glycolysis

A DNA strand has the following sequence of nucleotides: guanine, cytosine, adenine, adenine, thymine, guanine

a: What will the mRNA sequence be?

cytosine, guanine, uracil, uracil, adenine, cytosine.

A DNA strand has the following sequence of nucleotides: guanine, cytosine, adenine, adenine, thymine, guanine

b: How many amino acids will the mRNA code for?

It will code for 2 amino acids

List (in order) the 4 stages of mitosis.

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

The diploid number of a cell is 16. What is the haploid number?

8

What is the difference between a gamete and a normal cell?

A gamete is haploid while normal cells are diploid. This means that a gamete has only 1 chromosome from each homologous pair. A normal cell always has both members of each homologous pair

List (in order) all of the stages of meiosis.

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

What are gametes produced in animal males called? What are gametes produced in animal females called?

Male gametes are called sperm and female gametes are called eggs

If a virus uses DNA as its genetic material, is it alive? Why or why not?

A virus is not alive because it cannot reproduce on its own

A person decides to wait until he contacts measles before getting the vaccine. What is wrong with this strategy?

A vaccine only works if you take it before you get infected, because it is meant to help build up antibodies that are needed to fight the virus before your body is overwhelmed

Three pea plants have the following alleles for Tall ("T") and small ("t") heights. What is the phenotype of each? Note whether they are homozygous or heterozygous.

a: TT

b: Tt

c: tt

a: homozygous, will be Tall

b: heterozygous, will be Tall

c: homozygous, will be small

The allele for axial flowers ("A") in a pea plant is dominant over the allele for terminal flowers ("a"). A pea plant which is homozygous in the axial flower allele is crossed a pea plant that is heterozygous. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes, along with their percentage changes, for the offspring?

50% of the offspring will have the "AA" and 50% will have "Aa" genotype. 100% will have the axial flower phenotype

Give the possible phenotypes and the percentage chance for each in the dihybrid cross between 2 pea plants that are heterozygous in producing smooth, yellow peas. The smooth allele is dominant over the wrinkled allele, and yellow is dominant over green.

Smooth yellow peas (SSYY, SsYy, SSYy, SsYY) 9/16 Smooth green peas (SSyy, Ssyy) 3/16 Wrinkled yellow peas (ssYY, ssYy) 3/16 Wrinkled green peas (ssyy) 1/16

In fruit flies, the color of the eye is a genetic trait that is sex-linked. What is the percentage of males that will have white eyes when a heterozygous, red-eyed female is crossed with a white-eyed male? What is the percentage of females that will have white-eyes from the same cross?

Half of the females and males will be white eyed

Two individuals have the exact same genotype for a certain trait, but they are not identical when it comes to that trait. How is this possible?

Not all traits are determined by genetics. Most are also determined by environmental factors and spiritual factors

If a recessive genetic disease occurs much more frequently in men than women, which chromosome should be studied as a possible source of the disease?

Only men have the Y chromosome so that one should be studied.