soc 101 section 2 review

pre-modern thought

a belief in supernatural sources of truth and a commitment to traditonal practices

nation-states

large territories governed by centralized powers that grant or deny citizenship rights

modern thought

a belief in science as the sole source of truth and the idea that humans can ratioanlly organize societies and improve human life

rationalization

the process of embracing reason and using it to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of human activities

comparative sociology

a research method that involves collecting and analyzing data about two or more cases that can be usefully compared and contrasted

case

an instance of a thing of interest; it can be a person, a group of people, an organization, an event, or a place

social organizations

formal entities that coordinate collections of people in achieving a stated purpose

division of labor

complicated tasks broken down into smaller parts and distributed to individuals who specialize in narrow roles

bureaucracies

organizations with formal policies, strict hierarchies and impersonal relations

post modern thought

a rejection of absolute truth in favor of countless partial truths, and a denunciation of the narrative of progress

social institutions

widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of human need

ideologies

shared ideas about how human life should be organized

social structure

the entire set of interlocking social institutions in whihc we live

structural position

the features of our lives that determine our mix of opportunities and constraints

social stratification

a persistant sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies

capital

the resources we use to get things we want and need

economic capital

financial resources that are or can be converted into money

economic elite

the minority of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth

social mobility

oppurtunity to move up or down in the economic hierarchy

proletariat

a class of people who are employed by others and work for a wage

bourgeoisie

a class of people who employ the workers

means of production

resources that can be used to create wealth

labor

the work people can do with their bodies and minds

alienation

the feeling of dissatisfaction and disconnection from the fruits of one's labor

crisis of capitalism

a coming catastrophic implosion from which capitalism would never recover

class consciousness

an understanding that members of a social class share economic interest

socialism

an economic system based on shared ownership of the resources used to create wealth that is then distributed by governmnets fro the enrichment of all

free market cpaialism

a capitalist system with little or no government regulation

labor unions

associations that organize workers so they can negotiate with their employers as a group instead of as individuals

social safety net

a patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter

living wage

an income that allows full-time workers to afford their basic needs

welfare capitalism

a capitalist economic system with some socialist policy aimed at distributing the profits of capitalism more evenly across the population

contradictory class locations

positions in the economy that are in some ways like the proletariat and in other ways like the bourgeoisie

service and information economy

an economy centered on jobs in which workers provide services or work with information

precariat

a new class of workers who live economically precarious lives

working poor

people in the labor force who earn poverty-level wages

protestant work ethic

the idea that one’s character can and should be measured by one’s dedication to paid work

glass ceiling

an invisible barrier that restricts upward mobility

glass floor

an invisible barrier that restricts downward mobility

wealth gaps

differences in the amount of money and economic assets owned by people from different social identity groups

wage gaps

differences between the hourly earnings of dofferent soical identity groups

colorism

prejudice against and discrimination toward people with dark skin compared to those with light skin, regardless of race

legitimation

a process by which a potentially controverisal social face is made acceptable

racism

a term that refers to a societys production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups

residential segregation

the sorrting of different types of people inot separate neighborhoods

hypersegregation

residential segregation so extreme that many peoples daily lives involve little or no contact with people of other races

white fight

organized white resistance to integration

white flight

a phenomenon in which white people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in

redlining

a practice of refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying in poor and minority meighborhoods

resource deserts

places that lack beneficial or critical amenities

spatial analysis

a research method in which data are layered onto a landscape divided into finegrained segments

environmental racism

the practice of exposing racial and ethic minorites to more toxins and pollutants than white people

achievement gaps

disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students

tracking

the practice of placing students in different classrooms according to their perceived ability

adultification

a form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children

school-to-prison pipeline

a practice of disciplining and punishing children and youth in school that routes them out of education and into the criminal justice system

mass incarceration

an extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross-cultural and historical perspective

mass deportation

an extremely high rate of deportation in cross-cultural and historical perspective

Cross-institutional advantage and disadvantag

a phenomenon in which people are positively or negatively served across multiple institutions

Cumulative advantage and disadvantage

advantage or disadvantage that builds over the life course

Intergenerational advantage and disadvantage

advantage and disadvantage that is passed from parents to children

structural violence

institutional discrimination that injures the body and mind

Patriarch/property marriage

a model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men

Breadwinner/homemaker marriage

a model of marriage that involves a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children

family wage

an income, paid to a man, that is large enough to support a non-working wife and children

Ideology of separate spheres

the idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men

heteronormative

promoting heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity, making other sexual desires invisible or casting them as inferior

mononormative

promoting monogamy, or the requirement that spouses have sexual relations only with each other

pro-natal

promoting childbearing and stigmatizing choosing to go child-free

partnership unions

a relationship model based on love and companionship between equals

sexism

the production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female

androcentrism

the production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity

hegemonic masculinity

the form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture

second shift

the unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs

time-use diary

a research method in which participants are asked to self-report their activities at regular intervals over at least twenty-four hours

ideal worker norm

the idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities

shared division of labor

an arrangement in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work

speicalized division of labor

an arrangement in which one partner does more paid work than childcare and housework, and the other does the inverse

ideology of intensive motherhood

the idea that children require concentrated maternal investment

feminization of poverty

a concentration of women, trans women, and gay, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale and a concentration of gender-conforming, heterosexual, cisgender men at the top

glass escalator

an invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations

job segeregation

the sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupation

Androcentric pay scale

a positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees

care work

work that involves face-to-face caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others

male flight

a phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it

stalled revolution

a sweeping change in gender relations that started but has yet to be fully realized

Freedom/power paradox

a situation whereby women have more freedom than men but less power, and men have more power than women but less freedom

domestic outsourcing

paying non-family members to do family-related tasks

global care chains

a series of nurturing relationships in which the international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid workers

social reproduction

the process by which society maintains an enduring character from generation to generation

power elite

a relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in important social institutions

pluralist theory of power

the idea that U.S. politics is characterized by competing groups that work together to achieve their goals

elite theory of power

the idea that a small group of networked individuals controls the most powerful positions in our social institutions

social captial

the number of people we know and the resources they can offer us

social closure

a process by which advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others

cultural capital

symbolic resources that communicate one's social status

fit

the feeling that our particular mix of cultural capital matches our social context

ethnography

a research method that involves careful observation of naturally occurring social interaction, often as a participant

field

the place or places where ethnographers conduct participant observation

field notes

descriptive accounts of what occurred in the field, alongside tentative sociological observations