Philosophy q2 flashcards

Suffering

An experience of unpleasantness or aversion, associated with harm or threat.

Physical suffering

Discomfort, hunger, distress, and pain caused by injury, disease, or lack of basic needs.

Mental suffering

Emotional and mental states such as depression, anxiety, fear, loneliness, and grief caused by life situations.

Ways to Deal with Suffering

Strategies to cope with suffering, including not "spinning" your story, embracing change, smiling even when not feeling it inside, jolting yourself out of your routine, softening someone else's suffering, and remembering your basic goodness.

View of Suffering

Suffering is seen as undesirable but necessary for growth and improvement.

Happiness and Suffering

Happiness and suffering are not complete opposites and can enrich each other.

Pursuit of Happiness

The pursuit of happiness requires effort and may involve difficulties and discouragement.

Reality of Death

The reality of death highlights the uniqueness of our existence and the importance of seizing opportunities in life.

Meaning in Life

Meaning in life is found through connections with others and enriching bonds.

Happiness

Considered an achievement in Ancient Greek philosophy, it is gained by living a productive and moral life.

Ethics

Plays a significant role in achieving happiness.

Social element of happiness

Involves the well-being of others.

State of being

Happiness is a state of being, not just an emotional experience or mental attitude.

Factors influencing happiness

Income, health, social relationships, and cognition.

Hedonia

Derived from pleasure and associated with self-care and fulfilling desires.

Eudaimonia

Derived from seeking virtue and meaning, associated with fulfilling responsibilities and investing in long-term goals.

Sources of Happiness

Noble good

Pursued for its own sake, such as love and friendship.

Useful good

Considered good as long as it serves as a means to an end, such as money.

Pleasurable good

Provides pleasure, not necessarily physical.

Joy

An often relatively brief feeling that is felt in the present moment

Excitement

A happy feeling that involves looking forward to something with positive anticipation

Gratitude

A positive emotion that involves being thankful and appreciative

Pride

A feeling of satisfaction in something that you have accomplished

Optimism

This is a way of looking at life with a positive, upbeat outlook

Contentment

This type of happiness involves a sense of satisfaction

Life

The period between the birth and death of a living thing, especially a human being.

Existentialism

The philosophy that human beings can determine their own life and meaning in a seemingly meaningless universe.

Absurdism

The belief that life has no inherent meaning, and individuals must accept the absurdity of their existence.

Religious existentialism

The belief that human beings can find meaning in their relationship with God or a higher power.

Buddhism

The belief that the meaning of life is to end suffering and attain enlightenment.

Stoicism

The belief that the meaning of life is to live in harmony with nature and reason.

Socrates

The philosopher who believed that the true meaning of life comes from striving for wisdom, truth, and virtue through questioning and rational examination.

Aristotle

The philosopher who believed that the purpose of life is eudaimonia or human flourishing achieved through acting virtuously and rationally.

Plato

The philosopher who believed that life is about striving to understand and connect with the eternal, unchanging forms that underlie reality, especially the form of the good.

St Augustine

The philosopher who believed that life's meaning comes from understanding our role and relationship to God and the divine creator.

Karl Jaspers

The philosopher who believed that life stems from a proper relationship with God.

Gabriel Marcel

The philosopher who believed that life's meaning comes through hope, love, fidelity, and sacrifice.

Death

The action or fact of dying or being killed; the end of the life of a person or organism.

Clinical death

When a person's heart stops beating and their breathing has stopped.

Brain and cortical death

When there is no longer any brain function or electrical activity in the brain cells.

Psychic death

When someone loses their sense of self and can't feel any emotions anymore.

Social death

When someone feels rejected by society or rejected by people they love or care about.

Christianity belief in the resurrection of Jesus and the existence of the afterlife

belief in the resurrection of Jesus and the existence of the afterlife

Islam

belief in the continuation of a person's journey after death, with eternal life to come

Hinduism

belief in reincarnation, with the soul being reborn in a new body after death

Buddhism

belief in reincarnation and the cycle of birth and death, with the goal of achieving enlightenment

Society

An organized group of people who interact frequently, share a common territory and culture.

Social Contract

Beliefs on how society forms, where individuals sacrifice some freedom and submit to a higher authority.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who believed in the social contract, where individuals give up some freedom for the sake of order and security.

John Locke

Philosopher who believed individuals in their natural state are cooperative and reasonable, and society is formed through the consent of individuals.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher who believed in the concept of the general will, where people organize society and the government can impose its will on the people in extreme cases.

John Rawls

Philosopher who introduced the concept of the original position, where individuals make decisions about society without knowing their own social position.

David Gauthier

Philosopher who emphasized the importance of people's self-interest in building and maintaining societies.

Common Good

When more than one person desires and works to achieve the same good, the common good exists among them.

Norms

Set of traits that society considers acceptable.

Laws

More formal norms that establish and define acceptable behavior of citizens.

Folkways

Less formal norms that arise from tradition and do not result in punishment.

Social System

An organized or patterned structure within society.

Social Role

Actions and behaviors expected of a certain individual in society.

Social Group / Social Classes

Individuals who perform similar roles are grouped together based on their social status.

Social Institutions

Certain groups that perform vital functions in society.

Society's influence on personal development

Society provides opportunities for individuals to better provide for themselves and their members, recognizes their capabilities, and shapes their behavior through norms and social roles.

Social Movement

Large-scale action done by various groups and organizations in pursuit of a common goal to bring about change in society.

Social Class

A group of people within a society who have the same socio-economic status, referring to their levels of wealth, influence, and status.

Hunting and Gathering Society

Earliest and simplest form of society

Pastoral Society

Domestication of animals for a more stable food supply

Horticultural Society

Small cultivation of plants, fruits, and vegetables

Agrarian Society

Large-scale agricultural cultivation

Feudal Society

Based on the ownership of land

Industrial Society

Use of specialized machinery in the production of goods and services

Post-Industrial Society

Higher education and better training

Virtual Society

People organize themselves through communication technology and the internet

Human Action

Actions performed only by human beings.

Act of Man

Actions performed by both humans and animals.

Involuntary Actions

Actions done under force, coercion, or ignorance and regretted later.

Under compulsion

circumstances beyond the control of the agent and contributes none to the action

Through ignorance of particular circumstances

Stealing without knowledge of the law, accidental harm caused

John Mothershead

According to ____ Freedom and obligation are essential for morality

Human Freedom and Obligation

The essential relationship between freedom and obligation for morality.

Intellectual Choice

Choice based on moral principles and normative answers about what we ought to do.

Practical Choice

Choice influenced by psychological and emotional considerations.

Intersubjectivity

The ability to form closer relationships and cooperate with others, based on shared knowledge and emotions in interpersonal interactions.

Self-other interaction

The various levels of interaction between oneself and others, ranging from simple awareness to self-consciousness.

Genuine human interaction

Interaction based on upholding dignity and goodness, achieved through dialogue and the sharing of thoughts, emotions, and ideas.

Dialogue

Interaction between individuals through speech, words, expressions, and body language, allowing for the sharing of one's inner life with another person.

Personal and meaningful discussions

Deeper conversations that involve discussing personal issues and concerns with trusted individuals.

Genuine dialogue

Dialogue that involves both sharing and receiving from each other, based on openness, acceptance, and recognition of each other's uniqueness and differences.

Availability

The willingness to be present and at the disposal of another person, which is important for meaningful and genuine human relationships.

Ethics of care

The moral dimension of relationships and interactions, emphasizing the obligation to help others, especially the vulnerable.

Alienation

The state of viewing others negatively and considering human actions as driven by selfish interests, leading to frustration and inauthentic relationships.

Human dignity

The recognition and respect for the shared humanity and dignity of others, which is crucial for establishing harmonious relationships and society.

Freedom

The condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, etc. whatever you want to, without being controlled or limited.

Physical freedom

Absence of physical restraint, freedom of mobility.

Psychological freedom

Freedom of choice, innate and cannot be denied.

Moral freedom

Using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and goodness.

Voluntariness

The ability to act out of free will and self-determination.

Responsibility

Being accountable for one's actions and consequences.

Voluntariness and responsibility

Go hand-in-hand in determining a person’s freedom.