Muhammad
The final prophet, religious and political leader, the man who helped bring people into the Islamic religion and helped created new religious traditions/ beliefs (the Hajj, 5 prayers, etc.)
Abraham
The third prophet, God spoke to him and told him to travel to Canaan, Abrahamic Covenant (many descendants will inhabit his nation), his sons and the sacrifice
Issac
son of Abraham and Sarah’s son, the “special son” for Christianity and Judaism
Ishmael
son of Abraham and Hagar, he is sent away with his mother, the “special son” for Islam
Hagar
handmaiden of Sarah who was called to have a child with Abraham to fulfill the covenant, gave birth to Ishmael, was sent away when Sarah and Abraham had their own child
Angel Gabriel
in Abrahamic religion the angle that was God’s messenger; told Abraham that he had proven his faith to God and not to kill his son, spoke to Mary, etc.
The Four Guided Caliphs
Abu Bakr (632-634 CE), Umar (634-644 CE), Uthman (644-656 CE), Ali (656-661 CE) where the prophets who continued Islam after Muhammad died
Babur
He inherited a small kingdom (now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) but his elders took it away and then swept him away. Despite that he built an army that swept down to India and set the base for the Mughal Empire. He was a “brilliant general” and defeated many.
Akbar
Babur’s grandson, his name means “Greatest One”. He was very wise in military power and political wisdom which led to his success. He was a “genius in cultural blending” and allowed other to practice their faith. He also took away the Non-Muslim tax and made allies with enemies.
Shah Jahan
He only cared about beautiful architecture and his wife (Mumtaz Mahal). When his wife died, he requested a beautiful coffin to be built which became the Taj Mahal. His country suffered because he took resources and money for his own wants/needs (such as building beautiful buildings).
Aurangzeb
Expanded but also weakened the Mughal Empire. He was very oppressive and did not respect the Hindus; he brought back the Non-Muslim tax and destroyed religious buildings which caused outrage and rebellion. He used the tax money for wars that he was getting the Empire into which declined resources.
The Prophets
Adam (Adam & Eve), Noah (Noah’s Ark), Abraham (Abraham & Sarah), Moses (part the Red Sea), Jesus (Christianity believes he is the son of God, and Muhammad
The Prophet
a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God, Muhammad
Islam
submission to Allah
Abrahamic religion and one of the fastest-growing religions
in the story of Abraham and Sarah, Ishmael is the “special son”
monotheistic religion
Allah
god in Arabic, the god of Islam, the one Muslims submit to
Muslim
the group of people who follow the Islam religion
the ones who submit to Allah
they believe in the Torah, Bible, and Qur’an (the text of god)
Imam
Leader of Islam, the person who leads prayer in the mosque
Caliph
A title that means “successor” or “deputy.”
The --- following Muhamma'’s death, all had known him, used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership. They are known as the “rightly guided ----”.
Abu Bakr
Umar
Uthman
Ali
Caliphate
Islamic Empire
The Caliphs used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership. They are known as the “rightly guided caliphs”. Their rule was called the…
Sunni
followers of Muhammad’s example (the word means tradition)
believed the first four caliphs were “rightly guided”
believed the Muslim rulers should follow the Sunna (Muhammad’s example)
claim the Shi’a have distorted the meaning of various passages in the Qur’an
Shia
followers of Ali thought a family member should be the successor of Muhammad (the caliph needed to be a descendent of The Prophet)
believed that Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, should have succeeded Muhammad
believed all Muslim rulers should be the descendants of Muhammad
claim the Sunni have distorted the meaning of various passages in the Qur’an
Ka’aba
located in the center of Mecca.
It is a stone building standing 50 feet high at the center of the mosque Al-Masjid Al-Haram. Gold doors stand at the entrance of a bare room.
where people can worship one god, the god of Abraham.
People for many years have “pilgrimaged” here, which means it brings many faiths.
It is the “exclusive domain” of Muslims. This is the center of Islam, where they can worship the one god.
built by Adam then rebuilt by Abraham
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Jamarat
ritual stoning
God asked Abraham to sacrifice his son but the devil challenged Abraham not to; he whispers doubts in Abraham ears.
One of the stories says that Abraham threw stones at the devil three different times to get him to go away; now three pillars mark where Abraham stood against the devil. People throw stones to take out temptation and evil out of their lives.
People acknowledge there is good and evil and people want to get rid of the evil.
Ihram
A pure state where people get into the right mindset after changing into the white cloth/their clothes.
People get in the right mindset to undergo the Hajj rituals and have patience during the whole thing because it can be extremely overwhelming. People can not groom themselves, argue, participate in sexual affairs, or do other things.
Shari’a
Islamic law
a series of principles that are interpreted, negotiated, and debated by legal scholars and adapted in the lives of Muslims in order to bring their actions in line with God's vision for a just and good life.
Umma
it is commonly used to mean the collective community of Islamic people. In the Quran it typically refers to a single group that shares common religious beliefs, specifically those that are the objects of a divine plan of salvation.
Koran (Qur’an)
the word (text) of Allah (God) dictated to Muhammad by Angel Gabriel
it has 114 chapters
Umayyad Empire
a family that came to power after Ali
moved the Muslim capital to Damascus where they built the Great Mosque of Damascus
established a rule where a governor was voted for by the public
created the Non-Muslim tax, were not like for it
the society enriched science, language, and math
murdered (poisoned) by the Abbasids and only one (Abd al-Rahman) escaped to Spain and set up the ---- caliphate
Abbasid Empire
came into power in 750 CE after murdering all except for one Umayyad
moved the capital to Baghdad, Iraq
this allowed them access to better trade goods, gold, and intel
the created a strong government with many parts
they were conquered in 1258 CE when the Mongols took siege to Baghdad but before that they had consulted religious leaders and failed to keep control of their vast territory
Ottoman Empire
an empire that collapsed a century ago (from 1299-1923 CE)
dealt with its neighbors by sending people out to create political alliances and ten to military affairs
valued political and military utility over ethnic or religious affinity
Janissaries were their military elite force that was trained (made up of young Christian boys)
the allowed religious freedom to Non-Muslims but there was a tax (Jizya)
the growth and emergence of this empire led to new eras of development in Europe
generally tolerated minorities, a cultural blending of language, trade goods, and architecture
gave women more rights than what was typical during the time
declined due to sons of leaders being raised without education or other worldly knowledge
Mughals
Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India. The 8th century began with a long, bloody clash between Hindus and Muslims in India. For almost three centuries the Muslims were only able to advance as far as the Indus River valley. Around year 1000, well-trained Turkish armies swept into India and established themselves as ruler of an Empire. The rulers were:
Babur
Akbar
Shah Jahan
Dome of the Rock
Arabic Qubbat al-Ṣakhrah, a shrine in Jerusalem built by the Umayyad caliph ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān in the late 7th century CE. It is the oldest extant Islamic monument.
has a huge golden roof
Al-Andalus
also called Muslim Spain, Muslim kingdom that occupied much of the Iberian Peninsula from 711 CE until the collapse of the Spanish Umayyad dynasty in the early 11th century
5 Pillars
Shahada: Declaration of faith, only follwing Allah, no other God
Salat: the 5 Prayers that happen through the day
Zakat: oblatory tax
Sawm: Fasting from dawn till dusk during Ramadan
Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca see the Ka’aba
House of Wisdom
also known as the Grand Library of Baghdad, refers to either a major Abbasid public academy and intellectual center in Baghdad or to a large private library belonging to the Abbasid Caliphs during the Islamic Golden Age.
many new ideas were created here
many languages and texts resided here
taught many people and came up with new innovation/philosophies/ideas