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Chapter 1: What are the study of structural bases of body function?
Anatomy
Chapter 1: What are the study of the functional relevance of a structure?
Physiology
Chapter 1: What's the 3F's?
Form Follows Function
Chapter 1: The study of internal and external body features through seeing them with a naked eye (dissection)
Gross Anatomy
Chapter 1: Studying the smallest structures of the body such as tissues, cells, and molecules (using microscopes)
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Chapter 1: Study of anatomy using x-rays
Radiologic Anatomy
Chapter 1: Based on certain body system (ex: skeletal system (all the bones in the body))
Systemic
Chapter 1: Overall anatomy of a specific region (ex: all the bones, neurons, blood vessels in the arm region)
Regional
Chapter 1 - Human variations: Normal arrangement.
Situs solitus.
Chapter 1 - Human variations: Reversed position of organs.
Situs invertus.
Chapter 1 - Human variations: One organ atypically positioned.
Situs perversus.
Chapter 1: What's the structure? Smallest to Largest.
Atoms => Molecules/Macromolecules => Organelles => Cells (smallest living unit) => Tissues => Organs => Organ system => Organism (single, complete individual)
Chapter 1: Inspection.
Looking at surface appearance.
Chapter 1: Palpation.
Feeling a structure.
Chapter 1: Auscultation.
Listening to normal sounds.
Chapter 1: Percussion.
Tapping and listening.
Chapter 1: Dissection.
Cutting and separating of tissues.
Chapter 1: Radiology.
Branch of medicine concerned with imaging.
Chapter 1: Invasive.
Inserted into the body.
Chapter 1: Non-invasive.
No penetration of the body.
Chapter 1: Integumentary.
Organs: skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands.
Functions: protection, water regulation, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, non-verbal communication.
Chapter 1: Skeletal.
Organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments.
Functions: support, movement, protective enclosure of the viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance.
Chapter 1: Muscular.
Organs: skeletal muscles.
Functions: movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production.
Chapter 1: Nervous.
Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia.
Functions: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, sensation.
Chapter 1: Endocrine.
Organs: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries.
Functions: hormone production, internal chemical communication and coordination.
Chapter 1: Circulatory.
Organs: heart, blood vessels.
Functions: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
Chapter 1: Lymphatic.
Organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils.
Functions: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease.
Chapter 1: Respiratory.
Organs: nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
Functions: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech.
Chapter 1: Digestive.
Organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Functions: nutrient breakdown and absorption; liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma protein; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones, and cleansing of blood.
Chapter 1: Urinary.
Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
Functions: elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification.
Chapter 1: Reproductive Male.
Organs: testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis.
Functions: production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones.
Chapter 1: Reproductive Female.
Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands.
Functions: production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones.
Chapter 1: Anatomical positions.
1. Standing erect with feet flat, ankles together.
2. Arms at the sides (supinated).
3. Palms, face, and eyes facing forward.
4. Provides a constant reference of body position.
5. Note your reference vantage point for identifying left and right structures (identify from the perspective of the person not you pov, ex: their right not your right.
Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Lying down on stomach.
Prone.
Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Lying down on back.
Supine.
Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Divides right/left portions.
Sagittal plane.
Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Equal halves.
Median (midsagittal) plane.
Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Unequal right/left halves.
Parasagittal.
Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Divides anterior (toward the front of the body) and posterior (toward the back of the body) portions.
Front (coronal) plane.
Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Divides superior (above/up) and inferior (below/down) portions.
Transverse plane.
Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Inward or towards the midline of the body.
Medial.
Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Outward or away from the midline of the body.
Lateral.
Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Closer to the trunk.
Proximal.
Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Further away from the trunk.
Distal.
Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Toward the anterior part of our body.
Ventral.
Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Toward the posterior part of our body.
Dorsal.
Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Closer to the body surface.
Superficial.
Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Farther/deeper into the body surface.
Deep.
Chapter 1 - Axial Region of the body.
• Head.
• Neck (cervical region).
• Trunk.
• Thoracic Region.
• Lungs, heart, mediastinum.
• Abdominal Region.
• 4 quadrants.
• 9 regions.
Chapter 1 - Appendicular Region of the body.
• Shoulder Girdle & Upper limbs.
• Scapula.
• Clavicle.
• Arm (branchial region).
• Forearm (antebrachial region).
• Wrist (carpal region).
• Hand (manual region).
• Fingers (digits).
• Pelvic Girdle & Lower Limbs.
• Pelvic bones: ileum, ischium, pubis.
• Thigh (femoral region).
• Leg (crural region).
• Ankle (tarsal region).
• Foot (pedal region).
• Toes (digits).
Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Cranial cavity.
• Enclosed by cranium (braincase)
• Contains spinal cord.
Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Vertebral canal.
• Enclosed by vertebral column (backbone).
• Contains spinal cord.
Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Thoracic cavity.
• Superior to the diaphragm.
• Mediastinum.
• Pericardium.
Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Pericardial cavity.
• Pericardial fluid.
• Pleura.
Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Pleural cavity.
Pleural fluid.
Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Abdominopelvic cavity.
• Abdominal cavity: superior portion, contains most of the digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, and ureters.
• Pelvic cavity: inferior position, distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs.
Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Inferior cavity.
• Visceral (inner lining).
• Parietal (outer lining)
Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Cavity.
• Peritoneum.
• Parietal and visceral.
• Peritoneal fluid.
• Retroperitoneal position - outside of peritoneum.
• Intraperitoneal - surrounded by peritoneum.
• Serosa - visceral peritoneum divides and wraps around organs.
Chapter 1 - Techniques of Radiology: Radiology.
• X-ray or radiogaph.
• Contrast medium - for visualization of hollow organs.
• Angiography - blood vessels.
Chapter 1 - Techniques of Radiology: Computed Tomography (CT scan)
• Cross-section X-rays (look at it from the direction of feet to head).
• Equivalent radiation doses of 100-200 simple chest X-rays.
Chapter 1 - Techniques of Radiology: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
• Soft tissue visualization.
•Uses magnets, not radiation.
Chapter 1 - Techniques of Radiology: Positron Emission Tomography (PET).
• Gamma ray detection.
• Nuclear medicine (use of radioisotopes).
• Used for finding active cell division/active sites in the body.
Chapter 1 - Techniques of Radiology: Sonography - reflection of ultrasound waves.
• Sonogram - obstetrics, emergency medicine, other diagnostic.
• Echocardiography - beating heart.
Chapter 1 - Abdominal Quadrants.
• Right upper quadrant.
• Left upper quadrant: stomach, 10th rib.
• Right lower quadrant.
• Left lower quadrant: anterior superior spine.
Chapter 1 - Abdominal Regions.
• Epigastric region.
• Left: Midclavicular line, Hypochondriac region, Subcostal line.
• Right: Liver, Gallbladder, 10th rib.
• Umbilical region.
• Left: Lumbar region, Intertubercular line.
• Right: Large intestine, Small intestine.
• Hypogastric region.
• Left: Inguinal region.
• Right: Urinary bladder, Urethra.
Chapter 2: The study of cells.
Cytology.
Chapter 2: Microscopy.
• Light microscope (LM).
• Uses visible light to produce an image.
• Most often used.
• But, most limited in magnification.
Chapter 2: Increase in viewable size.
Magnification.
Chapter 2: The ability to reveal detail.
Resolution.
Chapter 2: The Cell Theory.
• All organisms are made of cells.
• All existing cells are produced by other living cells.
• The cell is the most basic unit of life.
Chapter 2: Plasma membrane (1).
• Boundary of cell.
• Cell membrane lipids.
Chapter 2: Plasma membrane (2).
Phospholipids/lipid bilayer (75% of plasma membrane)
• Hydrophobic tails: Water Hating.
• Hydrophobic heads: Water Loving.
Chapter 2: Plasma membrane (3).
• Arranged in what is called a lipid bilayer.
• Lipid Bilayer - 75%.
• Cholesterol - 20% (increase fluidity of the membrane).
• Glycolipids - 5%.
• Glucose (sugar) + phospholipid for cell signaling and recognition.
Chapter 2: Membrane Proteins (1).
Pass through membrane.
• Integral (transmembrane) proteins.
• Glycoproteins.
Chapter 2: Membrane Proteins (2).
Adhere to either face of membrane.
• Peripheral proteins.
Chapter 2: Dense, gel-like meshwork that surrounds the cell, constituting a physical barrier for any object to enter the cell.
Glycocalyx.
Chapter 2: Cell surface extensions (1) - Villi & Microvilli.
• Plasma membrane extensions.
• Increase surface area.
• Brush border.
Chapter 2: Cell surface extensions (2) - Cilia.
Motile microtubules.
Chapter 2: Cell surface extensions (3) - Flagella.
Propels sperm cells.
Chapter 2: Cellular Junctions (AKA attachments) - Apical.
Lines the lumen of sac and tube-shaped organs and the inner surfaces of the body cavities.
Chapter 2: Cellular Junctions (AKA attachments) - Lateral.
Contains proteins for cell-cell adhesion, intercellular signaling, and cell-cell communication.
Chapter 2: Cellular Junctions (AKA attachments) - Basal.
The innermost layer of the epidermis.
Chapter 2: Cellular Junctions (AKA attachments) - Tight junction.
Sealant.
Chapter 2: Cellular Junctions (AKA attachments) - Desmosomes.
Resist stress.
Chapter 2: Cellular Junctions (AKA attachments) - Gap junction.
Communication.
Chapter 2: Cell cytoskeleton - Composed of:
• Microfilaments and terminal web.
• Intermediate filaments.
• Microtubules.
Chapter 2: Cell cytoskeleton - Cell Functions:
• Support cell.
• Determine shape.
• Organize contents.
• Move substances.
• Move cell.
Chapter 2: Cell cytoskeleton - The Cell Cytoskeleton Components.
• Microfilaments (smallest).
• Mostly made of the protein actin.
• Support the plasma membrane and play a role in cell movement.
Chapter 2: Cell cytoskeleton - Intermediate filaments.
Thicker and give strength to cells and tissues.
Chapter 2: Cell cytoskeleton - Microtubules (largest).
• Small strands that hold organelles in place.
• Guide organelles and macromolecules to destinations within the cell.
• Involved in cell division.
• Form cilia on cells.
Chapter 2: Organelles.
Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes. etc,...
Chapter 2: Endoplasmic Reticulum - Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
• Sudded with ribosomes.
• Produces phospholipids and proteins of plasma membrane.
Chapter 2: Endoplasmic Reticulum - Produces proteins for secretion and for lysosomes.
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
• Cells that detoxify.
• Cells that synthesize steroids.
Chapter 2: Ribosomes.
• Reads messenger RNA => assemble amino acids into proteins.
• Locations of Ribosomes.
• Cytosol.
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
• Nuclear envelop.
• Nucleoli.
• Mitochondria.
Chapter 2: Golgi Complex/Apparatus.
• Composed of cisterns.
• Transport vesicles from RER to Golgi complex.
• Golgi vesicles - packaged proteins: Insertion into plasma membrane, Lysosomes, Secretory vesicles.
Chapter 2: Cell Degraders/Recyclers - Lysosomes.
• Enzymes (a type of protein that breaks up cell "garbage") that are contained in a membrane.
• Some actions that these perform.
Chapter 2: Breaks down organelles.
Autophagy.
Chapter 2: Programmed cell death.
Apoptosis.
Chapter 2: Cell Degraders/Recyclers - Proteasomes.
• Cylindrical organelles that break down proteins.
• Cell marks "old" proteins for disposal by proteasomes.
• Degrade 80% of cell's proteins.
Chapter 2: Mitochondria.
• Specialized for aerobic respiration.
• Make most of body's ATP (the cells energy molecule).
• Outer membrane.
• Inner membrane (contains cristae).
• Mitochondrial matrix.
• Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
Note 
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