BIOL 65 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE (OG ON QUIZLET BY Anny_Nguyen20050512)

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Chapter 1: What are the study of structural bases of body function?

Anatomy

Chapter 1: What are the study of the functional relevance of a structure?

Physiology

Chapter 1: What's the 3F's?

Form Follows Function

Chapter 1: The study of internal and external body features through seeing them with a naked eye (dissection)

Gross Anatomy

Chapter 1: Studying the smallest structures of the body such as tissues, cells, and molecules (using microscopes)

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)

Chapter 1: Study of anatomy using x-rays

Radiologic Anatomy

Chapter 1: Based on certain body system (ex: skeletal system (all the bones in the body))

Systemic

Chapter 1: Overall anatomy of a specific region (ex: all the bones, neurons, blood vessels in the arm region)

Regional

Chapter 1 - Human variations: Normal arrangement.

Situs solitus.

Chapter 1 - Human variations: Reversed position of organs.

Situs invertus.

Chapter 1 - Human variations: One organ atypically positioned.

Situs perversus.

Chapter 1: What's the structure? Smallest to Largest.

Atoms => Molecules/Macromolecules => Organelles => Cells (smallest living unit) => Tissues => Organs => Organ system => Organism (single, complete individual)

Chapter 1: Inspection.

Looking at surface appearance.

Chapter 1: Palpation.

Feeling a structure.

Chapter 1: Auscultation.

Listening to normal sounds.

Chapter 1: Percussion.

Tapping and listening.

Chapter 1: Dissection.

Cutting and separating of tissues.

Chapter 1: Radiology.

Branch of medicine concerned with imaging.

Chapter 1: Invasive.

Inserted into the body.

Chapter 1: Non-invasive.

No penetration of the body.

Chapter 1: Integumentary.

Organs: skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands.

Functions: protection, water regulation, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, non-verbal communication.

Chapter 1: Skeletal.

Organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments.

Functions: support, movement, protective enclosure of the viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance.

Chapter 1: Muscular.

Organs: skeletal muscles.

Functions: movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production.

Chapter 1: Nervous.

Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia.

Functions: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, sensation.

Chapter 1: Endocrine.

Organs: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries.

Functions: hormone production, internal chemical communication and coordination.

Chapter 1: Circulatory.

Organs: heart, blood vessels.

Functions: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

Chapter 1: Lymphatic.

Organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils.

Functions: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease.

Chapter 1: Respiratory.

Organs: nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

Functions: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech.

Chapter 1: Digestive.

Organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Functions: nutrient breakdown and absorption; liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma protein; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones, and cleansing of blood.

Chapter 1: Urinary.

Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

Functions: elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification.

Chapter 1: Reproductive Male.

Organs: testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis.

Functions: production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones.

Chapter 1: Reproductive Female.

Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands.

Functions: production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones.

Chapter 1: Anatomical positions.

1. Standing erect with feet flat, ankles together.

2. Arms at the sides (supinated).

3. Palms, face, and eyes facing forward.

4. Provides a constant reference of body position.

5. Note your reference vantage point for identifying left and right structures (identify from the perspective of the person not you pov, ex: their right not your right.

Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Lying down on stomach.

Prone.

Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Lying down on back.

Supine.

Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Divides right/left portions.

Sagittal plane.

Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Equal halves.

Median (midsagittal) plane.

Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Unequal right/left halves.

Parasagittal.

Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Divides anterior (toward the front of the body) and posterior (toward the back of the body) portions.

Front (coronal) plane.

Chapter 1 - Anatomical planes: Divides superior (above/up) and inferior (below/down) portions.

Transverse plane.

Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Inward or towards the midline of the body.

Medial.

Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Outward or away from the midline of the body.

Lateral.

Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Closer to the trunk.

Proximal.

Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Further away from the trunk.

Distal.

Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Toward the anterior part of our body.

Ventral.

Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Toward the posterior part of our body.

Dorsal.

Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Closer to the body surface.

Superficial.

Chapter 1 - Directional terms: Farther/deeper into the body surface.

Deep.

Chapter 1 - Axial Region of the body.

• Head.
• Neck (cervical region).
• Trunk.
• Thoracic Region.
• Lungs, heart, mediastinum.
• Abdominal Region.
• 4 quadrants.
• 9 regions.

Chapter 1 - Appendicular Region of the body.

• Shoulder Girdle & Upper limbs.
• Scapula.
• Clavicle.
• Arm (branchial region).
• Forearm (antebrachial region).
• Wrist (carpal region).
• Hand (manual region).
• Fingers (digits).
• Pelvic Girdle & Lower Limbs.
• Pelvic bones: ileum, ischium, pubis.
• Thigh (femoral region).
• Leg (crural region).
• Ankle (tarsal region).
• Foot (pedal region).
• Toes (digits).

Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Cranial cavity.

• Enclosed by cranium (braincase)
• Contains spinal cord.

Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Vertebral canal.

• Enclosed by vertebral column (backbone).
• Contains spinal cord.

Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Thoracic cavity.

• Superior to the diaphragm.
• Mediastinum.
• Pericardium.

Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Pericardial cavity.

• Pericardial fluid.
• Pleura.

Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Pleural cavity.

Pleural fluid.

Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Abdominopelvic cavity.

• Abdominal cavity: superior portion, contains most of the digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, and ureters.

• Pelvic cavity: inferior position, distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs.

Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Inferior cavity.

• Visceral (inner lining).
• Parietal (outer lining)

Chapter 1 - Body cavities, regions, and membranes: Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Cavity.

• Peritoneum.
• Parietal and visceral.
• Peritoneal fluid.
• Retroperitoneal position - outside of peritoneum.
• Intraperitoneal - surrounded by peritoneum.
• Serosa - visceral peritoneum divides and wraps around organs.

Chapter 1 - Techniques of Radiology: Radiology.

• X-ray or radiogaph.
• Contrast medium - for visualization of hollow organs.
• Angiography - blood vessels.

Chapter 1 - Techniques of Radiology: Computed Tomography (CT scan)

• Cross-section X-rays (look at it from the direction of feet to head).
• Equivalent radiation doses of 100-200 simple chest X-rays.

Chapter 1 - Techniques of Radiology: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

• Soft tissue visualization.
•Uses magnets, not radiation.

Chapter 1 - Techniques of Radiology: Positron Emission Tomography (PET).

• Gamma ray detection.
• Nuclear medicine (use of radioisotopes).
• Used for finding active cell division/active sites in the body.

Chapter 1 - Techniques of Radiology: Sonography - reflection of ultrasound waves.

• Sonogram - obstetrics, emergency medicine, other diagnostic.
• Echocardiography - beating heart.

Chapter 1 - Abdominal Quadrants.

• Right upper quadrant.
• Left upper quadrant: stomach, 10th rib.
• Right lower quadrant.
• Left lower quadrant: anterior superior spine.

Chapter 1 - Abdominal Regions.

• Epigastric region.
• Left: Midclavicular line, Hypochondriac region, Subcostal line.
• Right: Liver, Gallbladder, 10th rib.
• Umbilical region.
• Left: Lumbar region, Intertubercular line.
• Right: Large intestine, Small intestine.
• Hypogastric region.
• Left: Inguinal region.
• Right: Urinary bladder, Urethra.

Chapter 2: The study of cells.

Cytology.

Chapter 2: Microscopy.

• Light microscope (LM).
• Uses visible light to produce an image.
• Most often used.
• But, most limited in magnification.

Chapter 2: Increase in viewable size.

Magnification.

Chapter 2: The ability to reveal detail.

Resolution.

Chapter 2: The Cell Theory.

• All organisms are made of cells.
• All existing cells are produced by other living cells.
• The cell is the most basic unit of life.

Chapter 2: Plasma membrane (1).

• Boundary of cell.
• Cell membrane lipids.

Chapter 2: Plasma membrane (2).

Phospholipids/lipid bilayer (75% of plasma membrane)
• Hydrophobic tails: Water Hating.
• Hydrophobic heads: Water Loving.

Chapter 2: Plasma membrane (3).

• Arranged in what is called a lipid bilayer.
• Lipid Bilayer - 75%.
• Cholesterol - 20% (increase fluidity of the membrane).
• Glycolipids - 5%.
• Glucose (sugar) + phospholipid for cell signaling and recognition.

Chapter 2: Membrane Proteins (1).

Pass through membrane.
• Integral (transmembrane) proteins.
• Glycoproteins.

Chapter 2: Membrane Proteins (2).

Adhere to either face of membrane.
• Peripheral proteins.

Chapter 2: Dense, gel-like meshwork that surrounds the cell, constituting a physical barrier for any object to enter the cell.

Glycocalyx.

Chapter 2: Cell surface extensions (1) - Villi & Microvilli.

• Plasma membrane extensions.
• Increase surface area.
• Brush border.

Chapter 2: Cell surface extensions (2) - Cilia.

Motile microtubules.

Chapter 2: Cell surface extensions (3) - Flagella.

Propels sperm cells.

Chapter 2: Cellular Junctions (AKA attachments) - Apical.

Lines the lumen of sac and tube-shaped organs and the inner surfaces of the body cavities.

Chapter 2: Cellular Junctions (AKA attachments) - Lateral.

Contains proteins for cell-cell adhesion, intercellular signaling, and cell-cell communication.

Chapter 2: Cellular Junctions (AKA attachments) - Basal.

The innermost layer of the epidermis.

Chapter 2: Cellular Junctions (AKA attachments) - Tight junction.

Sealant.

Chapter 2: Cellular Junctions (AKA attachments) - Desmosomes.

Resist stress.

Chapter 2: Cellular Junctions (AKA attachments) - Gap junction.

Communication.

Chapter 2: Cell cytoskeleton - Composed of:

• Microfilaments and terminal web.
• Intermediate filaments.
• Microtubules.

Chapter 2: Cell cytoskeleton - Cell Functions:

• Support cell.
• Determine shape.
• Organize contents.
• Move substances.
• Move cell.

Chapter 2: Cell cytoskeleton - The Cell Cytoskeleton Components.

• Microfilaments (smallest).
• Mostly made of the protein actin.
• Support the plasma membrane and play a role in cell movement.

Chapter 2: Cell cytoskeleton - Intermediate filaments.

Thicker and give strength to cells and tissues.

Chapter 2: Cell cytoskeleton - Microtubules (largest).

• Small strands that hold organelles in place.
• Guide organelles and macromolecules to destinations within the cell.
• Involved in cell division.
• Form cilia on cells.

Chapter 2: Organelles.

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes. etc,...

Chapter 2: Endoplasmic Reticulum - Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

• Sudded with ribosomes.
• Produces phospholipids and proteins of plasma membrane.

Chapter 2: Endoplasmic Reticulum - Produces proteins for secretion and for lysosomes.

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
• Cells that detoxify.
• Cells that synthesize steroids.

Chapter 2: Ribosomes.

• Reads messenger RNA => assemble amino acids into proteins.
• Locations of Ribosomes.
• Cytosol.
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
• Nuclear envelop.
• Nucleoli.
• Mitochondria.

Chapter 2: Golgi Complex/Apparatus.

• Composed of cisterns.
• Transport vesicles from RER to Golgi complex.
• Golgi vesicles - packaged proteins: Insertion into plasma membrane, Lysosomes, Secretory vesicles.

Chapter 2: Cell Degraders/Recyclers - Lysosomes.

• Enzymes (a type of protein that breaks up cell "garbage") that are contained in a membrane.
• Some actions that these perform.

Chapter 2: Breaks down organelles.

Autophagy.

Chapter 2: Programmed cell death.

Apoptosis.

Chapter 2: Cell Degraders/Recyclers - Proteasomes.

• Cylindrical organelles that break down proteins.
• Cell marks "old" proteins for disposal by proteasomes.
• Degrade 80% of cell's proteins.

Chapter 2: Mitochondria.

• Specialized for aerobic respiration.
• Make most of body's ATP (the cells energy molecule).
• Outer membrane.
• Inner membrane (contains cristae).
• Mitochondrial matrix.
• Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).