onward with the revolutions! (made from slideshow)

Onward with the Revolutions!

Reaction and Revolution

• The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era significantly disrupted Europe.

• The Congress of Vienna (COV) attempted to restore order.

• Overview of Europe in 1815 to understand the changes.

Europe in 1815

Key Nations

• Finland

• Sweden and Norway

• Prussia

• Austrian Empire

• France

• Britain

• Russia

• German States

• Ottoman Empire

The Opening Years Following 1815

Russia

• Tsar Alexander I defeats Napoleon.

• During the COV, he adopts a reactionary stance.

• Death in 1825: Triggers the Decembrist Revolt, calling for progressive brother Constantine to take the throne.

• Revolt is suppressed.

• Nicholas I becomes an autocrat, centralizing control.

The Balkan Peninsula

• Ruled by the Ottomans for 300 years.

• Greece seeks independence and appeals to Russia for support.

• Tsar Nicholas I agrees, positioning Russia as a protector of Slavs.

Greek Revolution

• European powers intervene to prevent Russia from becoming the main liberator.

• The conflict is termed "the first western empire breaking free from eastern rule."

• Anglo-French-Russian forces defeat Ottoman Turks, recognizing Greek independence.

Serbian Autonomy

• In the struggle for Greece, Serbia gains autonomy.

• Remains a protectorate under Ottoman Empire.

Spanish Revolts

• COV restores Bourbon king Ferdinand VII.

• His constitutional monarchy limits king's power.

• Ferdinand rejects parliamentary authority, leading to revolution.

• French army intervenes; Ferdinand is restored.

Revolts in Latin America

• Napoleonic Wars weaken Spanish and Portuguese authority.

• Latin Americans push for independence (1807-1824).

• Key figures: Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin.

• Advocacy for freedom across Central and South America.

Continued Revolts and Uprisings

• Several nations challenge the authority of the Congress of Vienna.

• Baron von Metternich: architect of Europe's new order; faces dissatisfaction.

The Age of Ideologies

• Post-COV, Europe becomes polarized.

• Definition of Ideology: A system of ideas and ideals.

• Groups emerge: Conservatives, Liberals, Nationalists, Socialists.

Conservatives

• Generally favored traditional institutions and monarchies.

Liberals

• Emphasized individual rights and constitutional governance.

Nationalists

• Advocated for self-determination and independence for nations.

Socialists

• Sought to address inequality arising from capitalism.

Influence of the Industrial Revolution

• The IR prompted a quest for understanding socioeconomic changes.

• Emergence of natural laws guiding economic practices.

Key Theorists

• Adam Smith: Advocated laissez-faire economics; minimal government interference.

• Thomas Malthus: Predicted population growth would outpace food supply; urged prudence among the poor.

• David Ricardo: Proposed the 'Iron Law of Wages.'

• Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill: Introduced utilitarianism, emphasizing the majority’s happiness.

Dominance of Conservatism

• Foundational philosophy at the Congress of Vienna.

• Conservatives feared change; Metternich voiced these concerns.

Emergence of Liberalism

• Advocated for freedom, rights, and limited government.

Socialism's Rise

• Response to perceived failures of laissez-faire economics.

• Definition of Socialism: Collective ownership and operation of production means.

• Karl Marx championed revolutionary socialist concepts.

Communism

• Classless society with communal ownership proposed by Marx.

• Highlighted historical class struggles between bourgeoisie and proletariat.

Utopian Socialists

• Early socialists attempted to demonstrate socialist principles through community projects, e.g., Robert Owen’s initiatives.

Resurgence of Nationalism

• Greek, Latin American, Spanish, Decembrist Revolts marked nationalistic fervor.

• Revolutions aimed at self-determination influenced global consciousness.

France: June Rebellions and the Rise of Louis Napoleon

• Ongoing struggles between conservatives and liberals post-Louis XVIII.

• The July Revolution highlights the tension between governance styles.

• Louis Philippe rises, limits to suffrage.

Conclusion of Revolutions

• National and Liberal successes/failures across Europe during revolutions outlined.

• Overall Impact: Establishment of national identities, with ongoing movements for reform and self-rule.

Final Thoughts

• Europe witnessed numerous revolts in a span of 40 years.

• Nationalism's power grew stronger despite suppression, setting the stage for future upheavals.

Concise Version

Reaction and Revolution

• The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era disrupted Europe, leading to the Congress of Vienna (COV) which aimed to restore order.

Europe in 1815: Key Nations

• Finland, Sweden and Norway, Prussia, Austrian Empire, France, Britain, Russia, German States, Ottoman Empire.

The Opening Years Following 1815

• Russia: Tsar Alexander I defeats Napoleon, adopts a reactionary stance during COV, and upon his death in 1825, sparks the suppressed Decembrist Revolt.

• The Balkan Peninsula: Ruled by Ottomans; Greece seeks independence, supported by Tsar Nicholas I.

• Greek Revolution: European intervention prevents Russia from dominating, leading to Greek independence.

• Serbia: Gains autonomy amid the Greek struggle while remaining under Ottoman protection.

• Spanish Revolts: Bourbon king Ferdinand VII's rejection of parliamentary authority leads to revolution and restoration by the French army.

• Latin America: Napoleonic Wars weaken Spanish/Portuguese control; figures like Simon Bolivar push for independence (1807-1824).

Continued Revolts and Uprisings

• Various nations resist COV authority; dissatisfaction grows, challenging Europe’s new order designed by Baron von Metternich.

The Age of Ideologies

• Post-COV Europe polarized into Conservatives, Liberals, Nationalists, and Socialists, each with distinct views on governance and society:

  • Conservatives: Favor traditional institutions and monarchies.

  • Liberals: Emphasize individual rights and constitutional governance.

  • Nationalists: Advocate for self-determination.

  • Socialists: Seek to address capitalism's inequalities.

Influence of the Industrial Revolution

• Surge of socioeconomic changes led to key theorists' emergence:

  • Adam Smith: Laissez-faire economics.

  • Thomas Malthus: Population growth vs. food supply.

  • David Ricardo: 'Iron Law of Wages.'

  • Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism.

Dominance of Conservatism

• COV's foundational philosophy; fears of change voiced by Metternich.

Emergence of Liberalism and Socialism

• Liberalism promotes freedom and limited government, while Socialism seeks collective ownership.

• Karl Marx's ideas advocate class struggle and communal ownership in Communism.

Resurgence of Nationalism

• Multiple revolts reflected growing national identity and self-determination.

France: June Rebellions and Louis Napoleon

• Tensions between conservatives and liberals continue post-Louis XVIII, culminating in the July Revolution and the rise of Louis Philippe.

Conclusion of Revolutions

• National and Liberal movements showed both successes and failures, shaping Europe's identity and reform ambitions over 40 years.